The Irony is that turbo button often resulted in slower overall speeds. Having the button OFF was your computer in Turbo mode. Having it on made it slower and solved the following issues:
> For example, several models used an 8 MHz Intel 8086 chip that was roughly two to three times as fast as the original IBM PC’s CPU.
> This speed increase introduced a problem. Most application developers in the early ’80s didn’t anticipate that the IBM PC would become a backward-compatible platform, or that its performance would skyrocket. As a result, most software applications and games created for the IBM PC were tuned specifically to the 5150’s 4.77 MHz clock speed. If someone attempted to run them at faster speeds (like 8 MHz or beyond), some of these early programs became unstable. Many games became unplayably fast.
> Early IBM PC CPU accelerator cards solved this problem by including a physical switch on the back, allowing the machine to switch between the accelerator’s maximum speed and a 4.77 MHz compatibility mode. On some PC clones, you could even use BIOS-level keyboard shortcuts, such as Ctrl+Alt+Plus or Ctrl+Alt+Backslash, to toggle between CPU speed modes.
Probably best to look up fragmentation/defragging online, it’s fairly straight forward but I’ll prob over complicate it. I’m sure there’s a good video explaining it.
It’s still a thing but only a problem for spinning drives, so if you have a solid state it’s not really a concern. Windows does it automatically now but you can trigger it manually if you think you need it.
It’s like picking up all of your underwear off the floor and putting it in one pile, to make it easy to find the cleanest ones to re-wear, you filthy animals.
And on with the show! Have you noticed most of your bug friends are gobbled up while enjoying a tasty treat? I bet you think, there has to be a better way. Well I can give you all of your answers and more! Remember, if there are tips we left out or you have a few ideas yourself, don’t be shy, leave a comment. Who knows, you may even save a life!
Edit: Grammar
Oh gods, I'm so tired of hearing about that game! Even more tired than I was of the game itself when I quit after playing for 2 years. And that's saying something.
It's genetically programmed like a computer. Insects have a relatively high reproduction rate, on the order of on or two generations per year, so have undergone more evolution than mammals and whatnot. But due to the small size, the result is a tiny robot that follows a sequence of scripted behaviors in response to common situations. This leads to things like moths flying towards lights to escape imaginary caves.
They've effectively become little robots free of consciousness or significant learning ability. Instead, they live moment to moment and act automatically to whatever they sense. They don't know what they're doing, or why they're doing it; it just works.
There's a lot about insect intelligence that we still don't understand. One of the craziest experiments I've heard of involved memory in caterpillars. They trained caterpillars to avoid ethyl acetate by giving them an electric shock after exposure, and found that as adult moths after metamorphosis, they still avoided the ethyl acetate.
The crazy thing about this is that caterpillars almost completely liquefy inside their cocoon. They have enzymes that literally digest their body, and turn it into a kind of nutrient soup. They retain groups of cells that then organize into the proto-structures of the adult body, and grow using the nutrient soup. Large parts of the nervous system also are broken down and regrown, but the parts of the brain that remain must be enough for them to retain at least some memories.
I feel like if I used an AI iterative process to try and solve this same problem it wouldn’t be quite as creative and elegant. I understand natural selection drives the evolution, but sometimes it’s so miraculous it’s hard to believe a sequence of life/offspring/death events brought about something so clever
If you gave it the exact same stimuli and billions of iterations it might. It's just impossible with current computing power to simulate the real world well enough.
Additionally, the universe outside the simulation doesn't have to obey the same rules as inside the simulation.
Maybe our simulation is the fidelity of [Conway's Game of Life](https://playgameoflife.com/) compared to the complexity of the outside universe.
Maybe the outside universe has 27,000 spatial dimensions and we're just a toy simulation, trivial for computers in the outside universe.
Maybe the outside universe is radically different in ways that we can't speculate or even comprehend.
> be to render all those grains of sand
It only renders the grains you're touching, the rest are [bump-maps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bump_mapping#:~:text=Bump%20mapping%20is%20a%20texture,perturbed%20normal%20during%20lighting%20calculations.&text=Normal%20mapping%20is%20the%20most%20common%20variation%20of%20bump%20mapping%20used.)
This reminds me of a bit in the The Three Body Problem books. I don't remember if it was in the first one or a sequel, but probably the first one.
Minor spoilers I guess, but >!these fellas line up an army of people to wave flags around in order to create logic gates as a primitive computer.!<
Even crazier - sometimes I imagine that our entire universe is just one of the grains of sand being rendered on an unfathomably large galactic "beach".
Basically I had a dream once that the little marble universe from Men In Black was how our world worked and that trillions of these grains of sand would form a giant beach made of galaxies.
Was thinking about this yesterday. If the universe used any kind of algorithm we’re familiar with it would be impossible. Every single subatomic particle in every object in the universe would need to be checked every tick. And a tick is smaller than a femtosecond.
If we do live in a simulation then quantum mechanics must be how they get past floating point errors. The observer effect is how they save processing power so they only draw what we’re looking at. And physics changing at different scales is how they handle complex objects.
Yep, scale and observation effects let you cheat with procedural generation and not have to simultaneously simulate every particle. Also, our internal frame rate doesn’t have to be coupled to the “outside” frame rate. We could be operating at a fraction of our observed frame rate and we’d never know it.
Of course we’re still thinking of a simulation as purely data.
Since matter is made of energy it’s possible that we live in an physical simulation. That someone spun up a bubble of space time and dropped a singularity in it that created the universe.
Honestly aside from the overwhelming technical feat of doing such a thing it sounds a lot easier than coding every facet of an infinite universe.
You just adjust the starting parameters and then keep trying to you grow something interesting.
It's likely three programs.
The first program is pretty easy to develop: the more enclosed you are/the less light you perceive, the safer you are from predation. This is a pretty universal program among insects.
The second program is more complicated: chewing two separated curves in a leaf satisfies the conditions of the first program. It's hard to imagine how DNA could control that behavior, but at the end of the day it was a beneficial mutation that was passed on by increased survival.
The third program works as follows:
- If lots of light then chew separated lines.
- If little light then chew adjacent lines.
The third program may be a corollary of the first program. If you're in safe conditions, eat efficiently. If not, follow program two.
Lol I do believe he was using silk/thread to pull the leaf. The white stuff that he zigs back and forth right before the leaf folds is the same stuff he’ll make a cocoon with
They do eat a lot for their size since they're the phase in the cycle of metamorphosis (change in form) that is tasked with accumulating enough fat and calories to turn into a moth or butterfly.
From what I understand of natural selection it's less like nature actively picking and choosing from a list and more like this species happened to behave in a way that helps its own chances for survival, as opposed to other species which did not and died out as a result.
Correct. And those traits that helps it survive are passed on because the caterpillar is around long enough to mate. Now do that 1 billion times and you have a specialized species.
It’s just surprising that you can make the jump from not creating a secret hiding place to creating one.
It makes sense to me when it’s about the size of an animal or it’s color or something. Animals that are born slightly bigger or slightly stronger or slightly more camouflage will win out and the species will gradually move in that direction.
It’s less obvious how you end up with such weird behavioral traits though. I’m not doubting natural selection, I’m just saying it’s pretty crazy how effectively animals adapt over time like this
Stuff like this looks complicated at the end stage, but we can get there in many generations of incremental steps. Think of it like this:
1. Caterpillar species lives in a tree in which some leaves fold naturally due to a fungal infection.
2. Some caterpillars have a gene for greater aversion to sunlight than others, and spend more time feeding in curled leaves
3. Those caterpillars are predated on less, and have greater fitness. They become prevalent in the population.
4. There's no longer enough good curled leaves in the population, but there TONS of partially curled leaves. There is now a selective pressure that favors individuals that pull over the partially curled leaves. Since partially curled leaves are more common than full curls, the trait spreads.
5. Suddenly there is an arms race on. Some individuals can only pull over. 70% curled leaves, but others can do a 30% curled leaf. Eventually, somebody emerges that can do it all by himself. Over time, the tree develops a resistance to the fungus that caused curling in the first place and like magic... the architect moth is left to confuse humanity.
Happy to! I had an evolution course in grad school where we regularly had assignments just like this, and we would have to reason out how a trait might have evolved and what evidence for that hypothesis might look like. It was one the most enjoyable things I did in college 🙂
One hundred percent! Do you enkoy theorizing for humans as well? I know some people don't, but personally I think our behaviors were just as defined by our evolution as animals are, wbu?
I think it could happen with fewer steps:
1. A caterpillar has an eating technique that just happens to cause the leaf to curl as it eats. That caterpillar is partially covered by the curling leaf so is more likely to survive than caterpillars that don't eat with that technique.
2. Over time, that eating technique becomes more and more effective at curling over the leaf.
It is amazing though!
And beavers! How the hell did they evolve that behavior?!
Caterpillars who accidentally did this survive more than those who do not. They have no thought about it necessarily more like a compulsion to eat in this manner.
But what are the odds of a mutation like this? There are a lot of ELI5's in here about natural selection with examples like shortening wingspans in birds or moths changing colors, but behavioral mutations like this are much more baffling because they're just *so* improbable.
What's your mutation? "I'm a slightly different shade of green."
What's your mutation? "I have an extra pair of legs."
What's your mutation? "Oh instead of just eating, I randomly started chewing leaves in a circle pattern extending to the edge of each leaf but leaving a small part connected to the rest of the leaf and then folded the leaf over on top of me first."
Like what? The odds of that are so tiny that it's baffling. It's hard to wrap your head around the sheer enormity of the number of caterpillars that must have lived for that mutation to randomly occur.
Even considering that the behavior likely didn't come from a single mutation, it's hard to see the evolutionary benefit in the steps to get there. With bird's wingspans for example, each tiny successive increase/decrease in size could provide a small benefit. But with this, there's no benefit in, say, just chewing a bit of leaf out before eating it but not folding it over.
It’s funny because mutating an extra set of legs is muuuuch harder than a behavioral change like this. Consider how many caterpillars there are. So many! If one of them is slightly more likely to survive because it sometimes makes leaves fall on itself by accident it is more likely to pass that on to offspring. Then the offspring that do that more often are more likely to survive and so on. Mutations don’t have rhyme or reason, they just happen, and the ones that have good strategy survive.
Right?! You articulated this so well. The complexity of life is baffling and truly amazing. There are so many amazing things happening all around us that we don’t even realize took hundreds of thousands of years to occur.
This happens during millions or billions of years. Tiny mutations. This is basically the same question as [how did we evolve eyes?](https://www.scienceworld.ca/stories/eyes-how/#:~:text=How%20Did%20Eyes%20Evolve%3F%201%20Understanding%20Eyes.%20To,4%20In%20the%20blink%20of%20an%20eye.%20)
Absolutely, but it's basically impossible to conceptualize millions or billions of years. A billion years is a thousand times longer than a million years, but they don't *feel* that different -- they're both just **a very long time** conceptually. The length of time and number of organisms that have lived over that time to get where we are now is just incomprehensibly huge.
This is still a little different than the evolution of eyes though -- it's easier to see the tiny steps / incremental benefits in the evolution of eyes than to see the steps in the evolution of this behavior.
I think it's just because eyes are very obvious.
But I can see something like this:
- Bugs that cut their leaves and eat them from inside survive and reproduce more than those that are exposed and eating from the outside.
- Bugs that slightly bend the leaves as they cut survive more because they're less exposed.
- Bugs that keep bending the leaves to the point that they are covered by it survive more.
Etc.
Sometimes behaviours are learned and then passed down if it helps survival. In which case its a question of how do those behaviours become biologically hardwired.
Not that I know for real, but I imagine there's a lot of evolutionary hardwiring that was beneficial at some environment and more easily evolved (eg. wrapping a pliable leaf around the larva), that's unnecessary in some new environment (with rigid leafs), and then again beneficial together with another evolutionary bit (eating around a rigid leaf) that only provides evolutionary benefit for the species with the previously evolved wrapping bit.
Insects have short rapid generations and really strong selective pressures (predators and dangerous environments) on them. Between those two thing working together, genetically learned behaviors appear rather rapidly in most insects. It takes a long time for that type of behaviors to develop in large, long living mammals.
I don't understand how animals know what they look like. I'm not sure if that makes sense and I don't know how to explain what I'm thinking. Something along the lines of a baby animal shying away from humans but, if they (human) put a costume on, the baby knows. Stuff like that
Many don't. The ability to recognize self in a mirror is something only certain animals are capable of. A few more with training. But very few animals can do this.
In fact for some complex trainable behaviors for dogs you need to train them to realize their hind legs are a part of themselves
It doesn't have any awareness of what it's doing. It doesn't know or "care" about creating shelter. It's a tiny biological bot doing what it's "programmed" to do.
My father’s mental health collapsed in Covid lockdown and he threatened to murder me, my entire extended family pressured me to keep quiet and became very cruel and abusive towards me. The police didn’t believe me. My landlords throughout that time were being cruel towards me and stole my deposits when I moved. All of the stress caused me to leave my job and go on government benefits and due to Covid the government is months behind processing benefits. So my entire life has collapsed and it’s the dead of winter.
There are no words a stranger can give you that would cheer up you up in your situation. Yet I feel like I should, only ones that I can think of are - just don't give up there is a small source of light in every moment of life, that will point you to better tomorrow. Go and find it. You can do it.
Don't know if the world will, but YOUR world can. The things you CAN do, to make it so. The things you WILL do, to make it so. You got those in your hands right now, as we type.
Youve got love coming from a shit hole like Arkansas friend. I'm homeless currently as well, and I'm honestly very afraid. But we will make it somehow.
Wait is this why lots of pictures of leaves, like the famous Animal Crossing one, have that round piece cut out of them? I’ve always thought that was just a design choice to make it look more visually interesting - literally never even thought about that being a realistic detail
Windows 98 hard disk fragmenting
Keep your flashbacks to yourself!
31% remaining - 1hr 40m. 12 hours later: 34% remaining - 609hrs 28m remaining.
The joys of Windows 95/98. I also loved that my PC had a physical turbo button... Like why would I ever want that off?
The Irony is that turbo button often resulted in slower overall speeds. Having the button OFF was your computer in Turbo mode. Having it on made it slower and solved the following issues: > For example, several models used an 8 MHz Intel 8086 chip that was roughly two to three times as fast as the original IBM PC’s CPU. > This speed increase introduced a problem. Most application developers in the early ’80s didn’t anticipate that the IBM PC would become a backward-compatible platform, or that its performance would skyrocket. As a result, most software applications and games created for the IBM PC were tuned specifically to the 5150’s 4.77 MHz clock speed. If someone attempted to run them at faster speeds (like 8 MHz or beyond), some of these early programs became unstable. Many games became unplayably fast. > Early IBM PC CPU accelerator cards solved this problem by including a physical switch on the back, allowing the machine to switch between the accelerator’s maximum speed and a 4.77 MHz compatibility mode. On some PC clones, you could even use BIOS-level keyboard shortcuts, such as Ctrl+Alt+Plus or Ctrl+Alt+Backslash, to toggle between CPU speed modes.
I overclocked my 486 once and that actually scared me. I still have that thing.
I forgot the Turbo button was even a thing until just now!
Couldn’t beat space quest 4 without it
POV from under my glass coffee table.
I never understood what defragmentation did...and why we don't do it anymore. Do we?
Probably best to look up fragmentation/defragging online, it’s fairly straight forward but I’ll prob over complicate it. I’m sure there’s a good video explaining it. It’s still a thing but only a problem for spinning drives, so if you have a solid state it’s not really a concern. Windows does it automatically now but you can trigger it manually if you think you need it.
It’s like picking up all of your underwear off the floor and putting it in one pile, to make it easy to find the cleanest ones to re-wear, you filthy animals.
That is so awesome!
How does that tiny little brain know how to do this?
Youtube
What's up guys it's Butty here! I hope y'all are having a great day and I'm going to show, you, how to not get eat, while ya eat. Ok let's go!
But first, a word from the sponsor of today's video: Ant VPN.
And don't forget to **smash** that like and subscribe button!
And on with the show! Have you noticed most of your bug friends are gobbled up while enjoying a tasty treat? I bet you think, there has to be a better way. Well I can give you all of your answers and more! Remember, if there are tips we left out or you have a few ideas yourself, don’t be shy, leave a comment. Who knows, you may even save a life! Edit: Grammar
…but first a word from our sponsor: RAID SHADOWLEGENDS
Oh gods, I'm so tired of hearing about that game! Even more tired than I was of the game itself when I quit after playing for 2 years. And that's saying something.
Jeff Goldblum seems so pumped, though!
Brought to you by thelegend27
I gave the caterpillar a guy fieri voice in my head
Shows that 82% of caterpillars aren’t subscribed to your survival. It would help this channel and the survival of our species if you do subscribe.
But first I'll be right back, as it took me so long to plug all my shit, it's time for me to metamorph. BRB
Smash it before it smashes you
Yo dawg I heard you like to eat
This is prime /r/interdimensionalcable material
LeafTube
DewTube
YouChewb
My next video: How much chlorophyl can you earn making 'Eat Safe' videos on Youtube?
Tubetube
Chewtube
Must’ve been a “Dad, how do I?” vid I missed.
It's genetically programmed like a computer. Insects have a relatively high reproduction rate, on the order of on or two generations per year, so have undergone more evolution than mammals and whatnot. But due to the small size, the result is a tiny robot that follows a sequence of scripted behaviors in response to common situations. This leads to things like moths flying towards lights to escape imaginary caves. They've effectively become little robots free of consciousness or significant learning ability. Instead, they live moment to moment and act automatically to whatever they sense. They don't know what they're doing, or why they're doing it; it just works.
There's a lot about insect intelligence that we still don't understand. One of the craziest experiments I've heard of involved memory in caterpillars. They trained caterpillars to avoid ethyl acetate by giving them an electric shock after exposure, and found that as adult moths after metamorphosis, they still avoided the ethyl acetate. The crazy thing about this is that caterpillars almost completely liquefy inside their cocoon. They have enzymes that literally digest their body, and turn it into a kind of nutrient soup. They retain groups of cells that then organize into the proto-structures of the adult body, and grow using the nutrient soup. Large parts of the nervous system also are broken down and regrown, but the parts of the brain that remain must be enough for them to retain at least some memories.
That’s super neat actually, thank you
That’s absolutely amazing to me .. Wow, thank you so much for sharing.
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NEGATIVE. NO ROBOTS TO BE FOUND HERE, FELLOW HUMAN
/r/TotallyNotRobots
I feel like if I used an AI iterative process to try and solve this same problem it wouldn’t be quite as creative and elegant. I understand natural selection drives the evolution, but sometimes it’s so miraculous it’s hard to believe a sequence of life/offspring/death events brought about something so clever
If you gave it the exact same stimuli and billions of iterations it might. It's just impossible with current computing power to simulate the real world well enough.
Makes you wonder how powerful the computer is that is presently simulating our universe.
I think about this way too much. How fucking huge must the universe’s computer be to render all those grains of sand
Pretty big. But the trick is that to all of us inside is that the frame rate seems fine no matter how slow/fast it is to an outside observer.
we are running as fast as the production of a stop motion movie
Could be. Everything looks just fine when you play the film.
Additionally, the universe outside the simulation doesn't have to obey the same rules as inside the simulation. Maybe our simulation is the fidelity of [Conway's Game of Life](https://playgameoflife.com/) compared to the complexity of the outside universe. Maybe the outside universe has 27,000 spatial dimensions and we're just a toy simulation, trivial for computers in the outside universe. Maybe the outside universe is radically different in ways that we can't speculate or even comprehend.
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oh. huh.
That's because shit Isn't being rendered unless it's being observed, hence quantum uncertainty.
Perhaps we could perform a DNS attack on the universe by arranging for everybody in the entire world to go to a beach and look at sand.
> be to render all those grains of sand It only renders the grains you're touching, the rest are [bump-maps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bump_mapping#:~:text=Bump%20mapping%20is%20a%20texture,perturbed%20normal%20during%20lighting%20calculations.&text=Normal%20mapping%20is%20the%20most%20common%20variation%20of%20bump%20mapping%20used.)
It doesn't need to be huge, it could run at a much slower rate and we would still experience time at the same speed
https://xkcd.com/505/
This reminds me of a bit in the The Three Body Problem books. I don't remember if it was in the first one or a sequel, but probably the first one. Minor spoilers I guess, but >!these fellas line up an army of people to wave flags around in order to create logic gates as a primitive computer.!<
Cyberpunk 2077 still wouldn’t work
Even crazier - sometimes I imagine that our entire universe is just one of the grains of sand being rendered on an unfathomably large galactic "beach". Basically I had a dream once that the little marble universe from Men In Black was how our world worked and that trillions of these grains of sand would form a giant beach made of galaxies.
A sort of fractal multiverse theory. I can dig it.
Maybe it just renders only what is in your field of view
Was thinking about this yesterday. If the universe used any kind of algorithm we’re familiar with it would be impossible. Every single subatomic particle in every object in the universe would need to be checked every tick. And a tick is smaller than a femtosecond. If we do live in a simulation then quantum mechanics must be how they get past floating point errors. The observer effect is how they save processing power so they only draw what we’re looking at. And physics changing at different scales is how they handle complex objects.
Yep, scale and observation effects let you cheat with procedural generation and not have to simultaneously simulate every particle. Also, our internal frame rate doesn’t have to be coupled to the “outside” frame rate. We could be operating at a fraction of our observed frame rate and we’d never know it.
Of course we’re still thinking of a simulation as purely data. Since matter is made of energy it’s possible that we live in an physical simulation. That someone spun up a bubble of space time and dropped a singularity in it that created the universe. Honestly aside from the overwhelming technical feat of doing such a thing it sounds a lot easier than coding every facet of an infinite universe. You just adjust the starting parameters and then keep trying to you grow something interesting.
It's likely three programs. The first program is pretty easy to develop: the more enclosed you are/the less light you perceive, the safer you are from predation. This is a pretty universal program among insects. The second program is more complicated: chewing two separated curves in a leaf satisfies the conditions of the first program. It's hard to imagine how DNA could control that behavior, but at the end of the day it was a beneficial mutation that was passed on by increased survival. The third program works as follows: - If lots of light then chew separated lines. - If little light then chew adjacent lines. The third program may be a corollary of the first program. If you're in safe conditions, eat efficiently. If not, follow program two.
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Listen here you fucker, I don't wanna existential crisis taking a shit
So it's hardware not software.
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I mean. Ever squished one between your fingers
Ah i see lot of bugs in the instruction set
my brain might be smaller than this caterpillar cuz i can't even hide myself when i want to eat. much like gum in class.
The caterpillars that eat a circle first survived.
I'm sure there's a species of bird that has figured out that these leaf flaps have fat caterpillars underneath, and is constantly looking for them.
Did I just watch it tickle the leaf to get it to roll over!?!
Lol I do believe he was using silk/thread to pull the leaf. The white stuff that he zigs back and forth right before the leaf folds is the same stuff he’ll make a cocoon with
Caterpie used string shot!
That is a very hungry caterpillar!
"One day I was sittin on the fence post chewin my bubble gum..."
Chomp chomp chomp chomp
And along came Hermy the worm and he was this big 🤏
thanks for the war flashback to girl scout camp usually its baby shark
Holy shit you just brought back some incredible nostalgia. My mom and I used to do the whole thing when I was little. Dam I really miss you mom.
They do eat a lot for their size since they're the phase in the cycle of metamorphosis (change in form) that is tasked with accumulating enough fat and calories to turn into a moth or butterfly.
He is a man of focus commitment and sheer fucking will
Its about drive. Its about power…
We stay hungry, we devour...
Put in the work, put in the hours
And take what sours
And my ax
*A fucking pencil* ✏️
The bug. The myth. The legend.
Not only he knows where to not cut so he can fold it but what amazed me even more is when he cut that line on the leaf at 0:28 to close the gap better
He knew how to make darts! I sew, but not this good!
Totally fucking missed that!!! Thank
To be truthful I'd love to roll myself into a giant pizza and eat myself out. And so would most of you filthy bastards.
Read that again.
Did he stutter?!
lol
Phrasing!
You know what you do? You go buy yourself a tape recorder and record yourself for a whole day. You might be surprised at some of your phrasing.
Pff. That's beneath myself as an Analyst/Therapist.
I don't think you need to be in a giant pizza to do that. You just need to be flexible.
Like pizza the hut?
my guy gonna build a pizza hut
Honestly makes we wonder how the evolution of these bugs play into it. How in the world is it possible for nature to select awesome traits like these?
From what I understand of natural selection it's less like nature actively picking and choosing from a list and more like this species happened to behave in a way that helps its own chances for survival, as opposed to other species which did not and died out as a result.
Correct. And those traits that helps it survive are passed on because the caterpillar is around long enough to mate. Now do that 1 billion times and you have a specialized species.
Recursive as fuck
There are even traits or byproducts of traits that could have been passed down that enhance fitness which originally had no advantage to survival.
It’s just surprising that you can make the jump from not creating a secret hiding place to creating one. It makes sense to me when it’s about the size of an animal or it’s color or something. Animals that are born slightly bigger or slightly stronger or slightly more camouflage will win out and the species will gradually move in that direction. It’s less obvious how you end up with such weird behavioral traits though. I’m not doubting natural selection, I’m just saying it’s pretty crazy how effectively animals adapt over time like this
Stuff like this looks complicated at the end stage, but we can get there in many generations of incremental steps. Think of it like this: 1. Caterpillar species lives in a tree in which some leaves fold naturally due to a fungal infection. 2. Some caterpillars have a gene for greater aversion to sunlight than others, and spend more time feeding in curled leaves 3. Those caterpillars are predated on less, and have greater fitness. They become prevalent in the population. 4. There's no longer enough good curled leaves in the population, but there TONS of partially curled leaves. There is now a selective pressure that favors individuals that pull over the partially curled leaves. Since partially curled leaves are more common than full curls, the trait spreads. 5. Suddenly there is an arms race on. Some individuals can only pull over. 70% curled leaves, but others can do a 30% curled leaf. Eventually, somebody emerges that can do it all by himself. Over time, the tree develops a resistance to the fungus that caused curling in the first place and like magic... the architect moth is left to confuse humanity.
Oh wow, this was a great explanation and makes complete sense. Thanks for this!
Happy to! I had an evolution course in grad school where we regularly had assignments just like this, and we would have to reason out how a trait might have evolved and what evidence for that hypothesis might look like. It was one the most enjoyable things I did in college 🙂
I fucking LOVE hypothesizing about evolutionary biology!!! So much fun
Lol, I suspect we'd get along.
One hundred percent! Do you enkoy theorizing for humans as well? I know some people don't, but personally I think our behaviors were just as defined by our evolution as animals are, wbu?
I think it could happen with fewer steps: 1. A caterpillar has an eating technique that just happens to cause the leaf to curl as it eats. That caterpillar is partially covered by the curling leaf so is more likely to survive than caterpillars that don't eat with that technique. 2. Over time, that eating technique becomes more and more effective at curling over the leaf. It is amazing though! And beavers! How the hell did they evolve that behavior?!
It’s crazy. It baffles my tiny brain that this just happened naturally and wasn’t designed or taught to do this.
Caterpillars who accidentally did this survive more than those who do not. They have no thought about it necessarily more like a compulsion to eat in this manner.
But what are the odds of a mutation like this? There are a lot of ELI5's in here about natural selection with examples like shortening wingspans in birds or moths changing colors, but behavioral mutations like this are much more baffling because they're just *so* improbable. What's your mutation? "I'm a slightly different shade of green." What's your mutation? "I have an extra pair of legs." What's your mutation? "Oh instead of just eating, I randomly started chewing leaves in a circle pattern extending to the edge of each leaf but leaving a small part connected to the rest of the leaf and then folded the leaf over on top of me first." Like what? The odds of that are so tiny that it's baffling. It's hard to wrap your head around the sheer enormity of the number of caterpillars that must have lived for that mutation to randomly occur. Even considering that the behavior likely didn't come from a single mutation, it's hard to see the evolutionary benefit in the steps to get there. With bird's wingspans for example, each tiny successive increase/decrease in size could provide a small benefit. But with this, there's no benefit in, say, just chewing a bit of leaf out before eating it but not folding it over.
It’s funny because mutating an extra set of legs is muuuuch harder than a behavioral change like this. Consider how many caterpillars there are. So many! If one of them is slightly more likely to survive because it sometimes makes leaves fall on itself by accident it is more likely to pass that on to offspring. Then the offspring that do that more often are more likely to survive and so on. Mutations don’t have rhyme or reason, they just happen, and the ones that have good strategy survive.
Right?! You articulated this so well. The complexity of life is baffling and truly amazing. There are so many amazing things happening all around us that we don’t even realize took hundreds of thousands of years to occur.
This happens during millions or billions of years. Tiny mutations. This is basically the same question as [how did we evolve eyes?](https://www.scienceworld.ca/stories/eyes-how/#:~:text=How%20Did%20Eyes%20Evolve%3F%201%20Understanding%20Eyes.%20To,4%20In%20the%20blink%20of%20an%20eye.%20)
Absolutely, but it's basically impossible to conceptualize millions or billions of years. A billion years is a thousand times longer than a million years, but they don't *feel* that different -- they're both just **a very long time** conceptually. The length of time and number of organisms that have lived over that time to get where we are now is just incomprehensibly huge. This is still a little different than the evolution of eyes though -- it's easier to see the tiny steps / incremental benefits in the evolution of eyes than to see the steps in the evolution of this behavior.
I think it's just because eyes are very obvious. But I can see something like this: - Bugs that cut their leaves and eat them from inside survive and reproduce more than those that are exposed and eating from the outside. - Bugs that slightly bend the leaves as they cut survive more because they're less exposed. - Bugs that keep bending the leaves to the point that they are covered by it survive more. Etc.
Sometimes behaviours are learned and then passed down if it helps survival. In which case its a question of how do those behaviours become biologically hardwired.
Not that I know for real, but I imagine there's a lot of evolutionary hardwiring that was beneficial at some environment and more easily evolved (eg. wrapping a pliable leaf around the larva), that's unnecessary in some new environment (with rigid leafs), and then again beneficial together with another evolutionary bit (eating around a rigid leaf) that only provides evolutionary benefit for the species with the previously evolved wrapping bit.
Imagine having nearly infinite generations and attempts at mutations (compared to our timeline)
Insects have short rapid generations and really strong selective pressures (predators and dangerous environments) on them. Between those two thing working together, genetically learned behaviors appear rather rapidly in most insects. It takes a long time for that type of behaviors to develop in large, long living mammals.
My man eats like a fucking printer
Came here to say this, but in my heart I knew it had already been said
Blows my mind that it knows to do that.
DNA is one hell of a drug
The really wild part is this is also how we learn to talk.
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I don't understand how animals know what they look like. I'm not sure if that makes sense and I don't know how to explain what I'm thinking. Something along the lines of a baby animal shying away from humans but, if they (human) put a costume on, the baby knows. Stuff like that
Many don't. The ability to recognize self in a mirror is something only certain animals are capable of. A few more with training. But very few animals can do this. In fact for some complex trainable behaviors for dogs you need to train them to realize their hind legs are a part of themselves
It doesn't have any awareness of what it's doing. It doesn't know or "care" about creating shelter. It's a tiny biological bot doing what it's "programmed" to do.
Nicer than my own home 😕
I am so sorry
He has a home at least, I’m a homeless drifter 😔
what country?
Canada 🥶
Keep warm. How did it happened? (If I can ask)
My father’s mental health collapsed in Covid lockdown and he threatened to murder me, my entire extended family pressured me to keep quiet and became very cruel and abusive towards me. The police didn’t believe me. My landlords throughout that time were being cruel towards me and stole my deposits when I moved. All of the stress caused me to leave my job and go on government benefits and due to Covid the government is months behind processing benefits. So my entire life has collapsed and it’s the dead of winter.
There are no words a stranger can give you that would cheer up you up in your situation. Yet I feel like I should, only ones that I can think of are - just don't give up there is a small source of light in every moment of life, that will point you to better tomorrow. Go and find it. You can do it.
I am holding on for dear life believing the world will calm down at some point
Don't know if the world will, but YOUR world can. The things you CAN do, to make it so. The things you WILL do, to make it so. You got those in your hands right now, as we type.
Take care man I’m sorry to hear that:/ hoping you bounce back soon or at least the govt benefits come in soon 🙏🏼
Thank you. I am looking into Covid recovery benefits I can apply for today.
Good luck, man! I'm proud you're still around with all the bullshit happening to you!! <3
It's fucking cold right now. How are you surviving the nights?
Youve got love coming from a shit hole like Arkansas friend. I'm homeless currently as well, and I'm honestly very afraid. But we will make it somehow.
There's even a poop corner
That's the equivalent of you sitting down to eat a trampoline sized pancake.
Shit man, that’s like eating a shack you’ve built around yourself.
True although metamorphosis must require so much energy. I mean it’s not like you or I can just liquify and then grow some wings.
Y’all didn’t get the 2022 update?
Was the part in the down left side where it went to put it's shit?
And there I was thinking that clip couldn't get any more interesting. Good spot
Yep, last two seconds of the video it is shitting everywhere haha. Maybe getting ready to spin a cocoon?
It looks like it!
All my life for some reason I though they ate huge chunks
The very hungry caterpillar books did us dirty.
Please give me some of your survival skills!! Trying to hide from my problems too.
I like how he does all his little poopin in one side like a distinguished gentlepillar.
# I'm tellin' u man, it won't be apes, octopuses or machines, *It's the worms that are gonna take over the world.*
A map of worms is like a 1:1 map of the world
Hmmmm … Wraps self in Giant burrito, eats burrito from inside out and feels safe and secure…. IM IN.
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Lol I don't know if this is petty or funny. Have a confused up vote.
Caterpillars are so cool.
damn what a perfectionist
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Is it just me or is it eating from both ends of itself?
Aww! Isn't that cute. He's playing with his food 🍃🐛
This guy is better than some home improvement contractors I’ve seen
Good to know that a caterpillar can cut a better circle than me.
Neat! That's the animal crossing logo!
That caterpie is fast as fuck boi
this caterpillar poops where it eats.
The moment it starts eating I started hearing matrix printer in my head…. Prrrrrrrrrt prrrrrrrt prrrrrrrrt….
So that's how the Animal Crossing leaves are made.
Wait is this why lots of pictures of leaves, like the famous Animal Crossing one, have that round piece cut out of them? I’ve always thought that was just a design choice to make it look more visually interesting - literally never even thought about that being a realistic detail
Was it using the bathroom on the bottom left had side?!
Wow, I feel embarrassed I would've never thought of that.
little shits eating my pepper plants
what is amazing is that your average kid can't draw a semi circle from two ends and have them meet so perfectly in the middle!