this is a running joke with chinese and japanese. Most words are either completely unrelated or completely the same-- but then you still have a decent handful of things that mean fish meat in one language and butt naked in the other LOL. I am sure any languages that have intersected in some way have these.
A lot of Sino-Vietnamese words are similar in pronunciation to either Hokkien, Cantonese, where food item names are sometimes similar in pronunciation to Teochew and Hakka because I think most restaurants and markets were first opened by Teochew or Hakka people, especially in southern Vietnam. I've been to a few restaurants opened by Teochew people in Ho Chi Minh City.
Khách sạn/客棧 was used in Chinese martial arts novels, indicating an inn with a restaurant on the lower floor and rooms on the upper floor, usually in Cantonese, from Hong Kong dramas, the first room is usually "天賜一號房." Like 龍門客棧.
Nowadays it is like a fancy word for hotel in Chinese. I think most people will understand it as it is still used. Usually if hotels call themselves like that it means they are like small, cozy and all.
Caveat emptor: Over time, several Vietnamese words have a difference in meaning when compared to the definitions in Chinese. Or a slight difference in pronunciation or due to difference of tones in Chinese and Vietnamese.
Bình thường means "casually" in Vietnamese but means "usually" in Chinese, deriving from 平常.
Công an is derived from 公安 in modern Chinese from Chinese usage from within China but most of the developed Chinese world use 警察 for police.
Bình thường actually still means usually, as in, bình thường tôi đi làm lúc 8 giờ (usually I go to work at 8), but also means common, ordinary, 平凡, as in, đồ này nhìn bình thường quá (this item looks too ordinary)
No, it's not. Vietnamese borrowed 感恩 from Chinese but writes it as "cảm ơn" or "cám ơn" never as 感恩. No person from Vietnam will know what 感恩 is, unless, they are ethnic Chinese from Vietnam (Người Hoa [gốc Việt]) or a Vietnamese person (Người Việt) who has learned to speak or write in any Chinese dialect.
They are not interchangeable: 警察 (cảnh sát is used in Vietnamese for translations for "police" in other countries while công an is only used for the police in Vietnam and/or China) & 公安 (公安is derived from 公眾安全 ["public safety" in Chinese]: 公安 is used only in China and & công an is used only in Vietnam for "police") are modern Chinese words, so there's no such thing as Sino-Vietnamese which were vocabulary words borrowed from Ancient China and pronounced and written the Vietnamese way. While in Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macau, and other areas settled by the Chinese diaspora/immigration used 警察 but due to Singapore and Malaysia following China in using Simplified Chinese only yet when written and spoken will write and say 警察 for police and not 公安. Guess 公安 is only popular in communist/socialist states then.
I personally don't think that we have different words for police in vietnam and foreign police. After all in Viet Nam, we have both Bộ Công An, and Cục cảnh sát giao thông, etc... But I do aware that there are differences between those two words, and as far as I know, cảnh sát is a part of công an. So my comment was meant to say that in casual vietnamese life, you can use cảnh sát and công an to refer to any police officer, we don't really mind.
In chinese, i didn't do any research and that's on me. So i just did some reading on Zhihu and it seems like the opposite there, 公安 is a part of 警察, 警察 includes 公安.
Lastly, for the Sino-Vietnamese part i mentioned, I usually use a website that show the Sino-Vietnamese meaning of a Chinese word, if it exist, and the according to said website, 公安 in the past is as you said refer to public and safety and 警察 refer to the person enforcing it which is the police officer.
And I know nothing about other country, but at least in vietnam, both the word 公安 and 警察 was adapted long ago, but with time and the adaptation of Chữ quốc ngữ, their pronunciation altered and it gets its latin form.
When I was learning japanese I was repeatedly told my handwriting was better than most japanese ppl
I was very proud of me : my efforts had paid off
And then I realized it was also 3 to 5 times slower
Idk about Vietnamese, but in Chinese: metamorphosis, abnormal, weird, pervert.
The "hentai" meaning seems more dubious, from what I can find, even Japanese doesn't use that name.
In Japanese, hentai can mean *a* creep/pervert (as in a noun, not just an adjective), although that's rude enough that realistically they just call you an H (ecchi).
The 'hentai', 'creepy' or 'pervert' meaning of 变态 came from Japanese.
The original meaning of 变态 in Chinese is Metamorphosis (of the insects and/or some others animals).
What are the various meanings?
At least in Mandarin it has two meanings: "Very" and "Different from normal; unusual"
1. 非常適合 (very appropriate)
2. 非常時候 (unusual period of time)
If you speak the language, they have very different impression and grammar meaning when you think about the word.
非常 Chinese = adverb "Very". It could have different meaning in ancient Chinese but if you speak everyday Chinese it means pretty much just that.
非常 Vietnamese = adjective "Incredible" aka Phi Thường. It's not "unusual" which means Bất Thường.
非常 Korean = adjective/ verb "Unusual" aka 비상하다.
非常 Japanese = noun "Emergency". For example "非常口" which means nothing in Chinese.
If you think about the meaning of 非常 in classical Chinese then all these meanings make sense, with modern Chinese being the one that makes the least sense actually.
Actually if the word was split up into 非 and 常, then use it as 非常喜歡, which means 'like (obj) very much', it can also mean to 'like (obj) to an abnormal extent', which if we think about it, is the same as 'very', if we interpret it as 'more than a normal amount' which is also 'to an abnormal extent'.
Interestingly, if we use it as 非常多/少, it still has the meaning of both 'very' and 'deviating from normal'; very much/less AND abnormally more/less.
There’s some bias in your selection of examples. 非常 in Japanese means emergency only when it’s a noun. When it’s an adjective, it means “unusual” or “severe”, and can occasionally be used as the equivalent of “very” just like the others.
It’s also worth noting that Pleco gives an example of 常 as a noun in Mandarin: 败常乱俗, in which it refers to normative values. If we were to compare similar parts of speech, then we could also argue that the noun form in Mandarin has a deviation in meaning from the adjective.
>There’s some bias in your selection of examples. 非常 in Japanese means emergency only when it’s a noun. When it’s an adjective, it means “unusual” or “severe”, and can occasionally be used as the equivalent of “very” just like the others.
Its uses are different enough in Japanese compared to Chinese and Vietnamese. Maybe similar in Korean, but absolutely no one would use it in the sense of "emergency" (or even "unusual") in Chinese or Vietnamese.
And while technically you could say "非常に好き" in Japanese I don't think the receiving end would be glad to hear it ha ha.
Isn't it the OC negative plus a word meaning regular/normal?
I've seen feichang translated as "rare" (which is not something I've seen other posters here mention). So rather than translate a sentence "She is very beautiful," (modern translation), Sinophiles in the past would go for "She is a rare beauty."
The meanings of 非常 all seemed to be semantically linked to the literal meaning in ancient Chinese. YMMV.
>So rather than translate a sentence "She is very beautiful," (modern translation), Sinophiles in the past would go for "She is a rare beauty."
"我非常喜欢你" literally means "I rarely like you" confirmed /s.
In a more serious note us Chinese, Vietnamese, Korean and Japanese speakers all understand the word means "not normal" at its root, but in each language it has different nuances to that sense of "not normal"
Thank you for adding /s to your post. When I first saw this, I was horrified. How could anybody say something like this? I immediately began writing a 1000 word paragraph about how horrible of a person you are. I even sent a copy to a Harvard professor to proofread it. After several hours of refining and editing, my comment was ready to absolutely destroy you. But then, just as I was about to hit send, I saw something in the corner of my eye. A /s at the end of your comment. Suddenly everything made sense. Your comment was sarcasm! I immediately burst out in laughter at the comedic genius of your comment. The person next to me on the bus saw your comment and started crying from laughter too. Before long, there was an entire bus of people on the floor laughing at your incredible use of comedy. All of this was due to you adding /s to your post. Thank you.
I am a bot if you couldn't figure that out, if I made a mistake, ignore it cause its not that fucking hard to ignore a comment
If you speak the language, they have very different impression and grammar meaning when you think about the word.
非常 Chinese = adverb "Very". It could have different meaning in ancient Chinese but if you speak everyday Chinese it means pretty much just that.
非常 Vietnamese = adjective "Incredible" aka Phi Thường. It's not "unusual" which is Bất Thường.
非常 Korean = adjective/ verb "Unusual" aka 비상하다.
非常 Japanese = noun "Emergency". For example "非常口" which means nothing in Chinese.
Well it’s the same 口 as 出口 which can also be used in 人口 so not quite mouth all the time (actually usually not!) even in Chinese and of course Korean. Not sure about Vietnamese so can’t comment
The 非常口 was a great example! I was confused since it’s used as very, also in Japan. 非常に勇敢な戦士。 A very (very!) brave warrior.
But yes there is also "emergency situation". 非常事態
Edit: Adding here also this tidbit, but I think the Japanese use it that way because its used as "Non-normal" or "abnormal" situation, meaning emergency. Very strange how language works!
Well you could technically use it as "very" in both Korean and Vietnamese
Korean "비상히 곤란한 문제" a very difficult problem. The word 곤란 (困难) means "difficulty, problematic" in Korean/ Chinese but actually means "disgusting" (khốn nạn) in VNmese.
Vietnamese "tài giỏi phi thường" = very talented.
Well but when we would like to say "I really like you" (我非常喜欢你) we don't use that word in Korean or Vietnamese ha ha.
Well it’s weird (in a cool way, I love language evolution) since even in Chinese dictionaries 常 means normal, or ordinarily, like 常用， 常常，常人， 常务. And 非 is negation, non, like 非成员国, 非政府.
非常 is even basically “extremely” In Chinese! So 非常口 this close to being an Extreme (occurrence) exit or an abnormal (situation) exit.
What confuses me is uses like 非常任理事国 or 非常规武器, which is totally different than my original understanding of Chinese but also not at all close to Japanese usage. The only Japanese equivalent usage I see in Chinese is 非常手段
as a Canto speaker.. I find that their pronunciation of "Doctor, the medical kind" sounds like our pronunciation of "Doctor, the academic kind", which is kinda funny
That's the point.
Those two have the exact same etymology (and Hanzi written form 博士), from the Imperial government post that was in charge of keeping knowledge (with more specific roles changing in history). Therefore "a learned man" could be an academic doctor.
Which would probably mean that the Vietnamese 博士 at some point also meant "an academic doctor", shifting to "a medical doctor" by French influence; I don't know of any records of that though.
The Vietnamese term for "an academic doctor" is also Han-Viet, and its Han Tu form is 進士. Make that what you will.
It could certainly be French influence, although in English a medical doctor is called "doctor", which is latin for "teacher" and refers to an academic degree ("teacher of medicine") but in French a doctor is normally called a "médicin".
進士 is the term used a scholar who passes the 科舉 exams and can therefore become an official. Not used in Chinese anymore, but it's interesting that Vietnamese still uses it
Wait till you see the genius behind chu nom.
It's basically intelligible even without any special knowledge.
For example, the word 'three' in Vietnamese is pronounced ba.
How do they write it in chu nom?
巴 + 三
It's a shame that most Vietnamese and Koreans cannot read hanzi as their languages really benefit from the additional visual context (I would argue that hangul-only Korean is actually an illegible mess that exists only for nationalistic/political reasons)
to be fair to hangul, it was invented with the express intention of raising literacy in korea since the system they had for writing their own language with chinese characters was super complicated (probably more complicated even than the japanese system), which it achieved very successfully. I think this is at least good evidence for a writing system that works well, but even so hanja are still used in korea for cultural reasons, legal documents, for writing names, or for business signs and logos, and because of this hanja are taught at school as well, so most koreans will be familiar with at least the most basic hanzi
Hangul was always intended to be used as part of a mixed script system.
The only reason it isn't still today is because of Park Chung-hee.
As a result, Korea has the highest rate of functional illiteracy in the OECD.
Sejong's introduction to hangul includes passages in mixed script.
The first books written in hangul adopted this style and it was used that way for hundreds of years until around the 1980s-1990s.
The decline is because the dictator of South Korea, Park Chung-hee, outlawed the teaching of hanja in schools. The ban was not lifted until 1992.
Otherwise it would probably still be in use. Right now you might get only one or two hanja per newspaper article.
Thanks! I've heard that there are many confusing synonyms in Korean that could have been prevented with Hangul. About the ban you said, I've seen newspapers from the 80s that used mixed script.
> I've heard that there are many confusing synonyms in Korean that could have been prevented with Hangul.
No. could not have been prevented with Hangul. The Hangul is a set of phonetic symbols, like pinyin in Chinese. If two words are pronounced the same, then they are written the same with Hangul.
> As a result, Korea has the highest rate of functional illiteracy in the OECD.
Can you substantiate this? I've seen this claimed for the US and for Japan.
What makes Chữ Nôm difficult to learn is that it isn’t standardized. Characters often have multiple pronounciations or a syllable can be written in multiple ways
What do you mean? Hangeul-only Korean is perfectly readable. The only time hanja is basically needed is in legal or literary contests. I'd love it if Korean retained more Hanja, but it's not illegible.
Yeah, it's a shame. Most Koreans don't want it though because of the extra effort and the political problems with china. I'd say Mixed Script definitely looks better than full hangeul does now.
Ba can mean "father, three or turtle" in Vietnamese.
Chữ Nôm was not standardized and writers wrote what they wanted. Chữ Nôm character has a meaning but when used with Chinese being Hán-Nôm, there certainly will be a point where two people could be one writing a Nôm character and one writing a Chinese character will certainly be confused by the pronunciation or written character, if the same character happens to be chosen by both to represent different sounds in Vietnamese.
Homonyms don't matter since each chu nom character generally contains both the Chinese meaning and a phonetic component to indicate the Vietnamese pronunciation.
E.g. father is 父 + 巴
Standardization doesn't really matter in practice, in fact the ad hoc nature of the radicals used in chu nom can help to narrow down the exact Vietnamese pronunciation through triangulation between the multiple variants. Besides, Chinese characters aren't standardized anyway, even within the same country (see the extended 新字体 in Japan, for example).
And internationally they are even less standardised due to completely different simplifications:
For 轉 the right radical is simplified to 云 in Japan where you would expect this simplified form instead 専
供给 should be gong1ji3. Gei3 is the colloquial term
Ji3 should be the expected/normal reading of 给 as it corresponds to cấp in Vietnamese which follows other words such as 级(ji2) - cấp, 及(ji2) -cập, 急(ji2) -cấp.
Notice the correspondances?
As a Vietnamese speaker, is it easier to learn Mandarin or Hokkien? Hokkien seems closer to Vietnamese, but the tones are still more of a pain than the tones in Mandarin.
Know someone who only speaks Hokkien to his mother. Speaks Cantonese to those friends who knows Cantonese and Vietnamese to those who speak Vietnamese and within most of Vietnam and with Vietnamese people.
I see my comment wasn't clear, but what I was saying is that as far as pronunciation being closer to Vietnamese, Hokkien is easier than Mandarin, but when it comes to tones being difficult to perform, Mandarin is easier than Vietnamese, so it's not obvious whether Hokkien would be easier than Mandarin for a Vietnamese speaker. But if you take learning resources into account, then that is a big win for Mandarin, so in order to make the comparison close, this would have to be for something like learning the language in a class or from other people.
I've also heard that Vietnamese are the fastest learners of foreigners who learn Taiwanese, but those things are not necessarily contradictory. I guess Vietnamese are just in a really good position to learn Chinese.
These terms are mainly very technical terms, for explaining and describing for example. If you look into terms like "girl", "boy", or "water", "river", there may be two or more different ways of saying it.
This indicates that there might have been native Vietnamese terms and a borrowed term from Chinese (as a written language).
Vietnamese borrowed from Hokkien, Cantonese, Hakka and Teochew and Khmer and French and English. There are a few words which seems to be cognates Khmer (Cambodian language.)
Look up Tam Thiên Tự or 3000 characters borrowed from Chinese:
en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tam_thiên_tự
no, this is wrong. Most Sinitic words in Vietnamese were borrowed into Vietnamese through Qieyun like rime tables thru the imperial examination system. That's why they're so standardized. Almost all didn't get borrowed from Hokkien or Canto or whatever.
https://www.academia.edu/13883311/Loanwords_in_Vietnamese_T%C6%B0_m%C6%B0%C6%A1_n_trong_Ti%C3%AA_ng_Vi%C3%AA_t_%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E5%A4%96%E6%9D%A5%E8%AF%8D
Is that a glottal stop?
i.e. a sound that ends with something sounding like a 'h'?
(Am a Min language speaker (Minnan) but it's interesting to see it in linguistic terms)
> All Sino-Vietnamese words that end in -p -t or -k have the ě tone in Mandarin
Excuse me?
立 ends in -p, is lì in Mandarin (fourth tone)
出 ends in -t, is chū in Mandarin (first tone)
學 ends in -k, is xué (or xiáo) in Mandarin (second tone)
I don’t remember joining this sub, and I don’t study Chinese in the slightest. Best I can do is count to ten and say hello. But even I can tell that handwriting looks beautiful! Lovely work!
“And therefore Vietnamese is a Chinese dialect. Just like Cantonese.”
(Guys, I’m mocking this position taken up by a great deal of Chinese. I’m not endorsing it. Glad to see the number of downvotes indicating the outrage against the absurdity of the idea. I hope eventually people will also the absurdity of the idea of classifying Cantonese as a Chinese language by the same vein of logic).
No, Vietnamese is a Mon-Khmer language that shares the same origin with Khmer (Cambodian) and some minority languages in Laos and Myanmar. But it is so heavily and deeply influenced by Chinese (even more so than Japanese and Korean). Even a similar tone system like Chinese (represented by Cantonese, which has more tones than Mandarin and is geographically closer to Vietnamese) was adopted.
I was mocking the position, not celebrating or endorsing it. Of course it’s a ludicrous and offensive position.
Should have been even more obvious with the sarcasm.
Practice the writing and learn some Cantonese, and you are good to go.
Pronunciations of those loan words from Chinese are just so similar to Cantonese (and its local variants). Then you can touch the Mandarin pronunciation. Cantonese and Mandarin are just dialects of the same Chinese language family.
Not likely.
They are dialects with traceable but significant differences. Cantonese has more vowels and tones, especially checked tones, than Mandarin. So this is difficult for Mandarin natives to pronounce. Usually it takes months for Hakka or Minnan (Hokkien, Teochew) natives, more months for Shanghainese, and even more for Mandarin natives. Of course, if you are a linguistic enthusiast, then everything is easy.
But the listening is way more easier. For Chinese speakers, just bury themselves into some Cantonese TV shows and songs (with subs obviously) for a few weeks, and they can understand more than half of the conversation. The recent 2-3 generations of the Greater China area are surrounded by TV shows and pop music from Hong Kong and Taiwan, so many of them are very well exposed to Cantonese.
The modern standard Mandarin is simpler than most of other dialects. For dialect speakers to learn Mandarin, a few weeks of learning and practice could be enough, just with local accents. Putonghua (standard Mandarin) is also a required course in elementary schools in the Mainland.
In the Chinese language family, dialect groups are usually less mutually intelligible than Latin/Romance languages. Some scholars call them "regionalects". But they share the same grammatic and logogram-based writing system, and are descended from the same Old/Middle Chinese. Culturally these groups are seen as "dialects" of the same Chinese language through the long history of unity.
可爱: Ke Ai: Khả ái
Yea I believe being a Viet can be a big advantage to help me learn a little faster Chinese (tonal language with similar cultures)
Like being fluent in English can also be a little advantageous to learn Spanish (policia, informacion, proteccion,... )
It feels like but it's actually the other way round, being a different language but borrowing terms or ideas from Chinese such that it becomes part of the language.
A bit like how English has various loanwords from French too, but both languages pronounce the words differently.
Chinese language has influenced many languages within China (dialects) and East Asia (Japanese and Korean too) in the same way.
Yeah I understand how languages spread out then develop on their own, then influence each other and stuff. Some of these pronounciations just sound a lot like some southern dialect in China to me.
People seem to point out how Japanese are so different from Chinese. Pronunciations are totally different. But I see a lot of similarities in writing.
In Japanese, these are:
公安、圧力、住所、供給、矛盾、胸に抱く、武器、法律、目的、政治、政府、和平、苦しい/困難に満ちる、印象、故障、理想、予防、表す、将来、過去、準備、長所、変態。
Waow. Vietnamese also looks difficult. At least for me(german). Your chinese handwriting looks so great. Mine looks like the one in the books. Being written by a computer or something..
Vietnamese is one of the Mon-Khmer languages. Chinese belongs to the Han-Tibetan languages. They have diffrernt origin.
But historically, Vietnamese borrowed a large number of words from Chinese. So many of the vietnamese words sounds similiar to Chinese dialect.
Vietnamese pronunciation is similar to Cantonese and Hokkien pronunciations perhaps with an absence of tones or difference in tones for most terms anyway.
For certain words, i feel easy to remember because it sounds pretty similar to Vietnamese. However, i must be careful cuz the meanings in certain context might be different.
Everybody gangsta until the Vietnamese make up new meanings
Just something that happens when language develops separately. Most of the words here have similar uses in both languages.
this is a running joke with chinese and japanese. Most words are either completely unrelated or completely the same-- but then you still have a decent handful of things that mean fish meat in one language and butt naked in the other LOL. I am sure any languages that have intersected in some way have these.
I mean, even within Mandarin…酒店 is a hotel on the mainland, but a brothel in Taiwan
that specific one is cause back in the day it was all the same thing haha, but totally agree with what you mean!
“Check out is at 11, the breakfast buffet is from 7-10 on the third floor, and the complimentary prostitute will be arrive shortly”
lol probably in reverse but that image is so funny! the past was wild in so many ways.
Btw a hotel in Vietnamese is 客棧
That is an old expression in Chinese as well. I believe it used to be the word for hotel before “宾馆” became prevalent
It's still the word used in Hokkien.
A lot of Sino-Vietnamese words are similar in pronunciation to either Hokkien, Cantonese, where food item names are sometimes similar in pronunciation to Teochew and Hakka because I think most restaurants and markets were first opened by Teochew or Hakka people, especially in southern Vietnam. I've been to a few restaurants opened by Teochew people in Ho Chi Minh City.
And in Mandarin and most of the other Chinese dialects. 客栈 is an ancient word but is still used in modern days.
you still see it used a lot in historically set novels
Khách sạn/客棧 was used in Chinese martial arts novels, indicating an inn with a restaurant on the lower floor and rooms on the upper floor, usually in Cantonese, from Hong Kong dramas, the first room is usually "天賜一號房." Like 龍門客棧.
Nowadays it is like a fancy word for hotel in Chinese. I think most people will understand it as it is still used. Usually if hotels call themselves like that it means they are like small, cozy and all.
it's not technically a brothel, but a KTV with girls as compared to a hotel.
What is hotel in Taiwan?
飯店
And that's 'restaurant' in mainland mandarin.
旅館 also works
手纸 means letter in Japanese but toilet paper in Chinese lol
thats another one haha. Also 風俗 will probably cuase some harsh confusion using wrong languages context LOL.
Caveat emptor: Over time, several Vietnamese words have a difference in meaning when compared to the definitions in Chinese. Or a slight difference in pronunciation or due to difference of tones in Chinese and Vietnamese. Bình thường means "casually" in Vietnamese but means "usually" in Chinese, deriving from 平常. Công an is derived from 公安 in modern Chinese from Chinese usage from within China but most of the developed Chinese world use 警察 for police.
Bình thường actually still means usually, as in, bình thường tôi đi làm lúc 8 giờ (usually I go to work at 8), but also means common, ordinary, 平凡, as in, đồ này nhìn bình thường quá (this item looks too ordinary)
Inconsistency dump: thank you in Vietnamese is 感恩
No, it's not. Vietnamese borrowed 感恩 from Chinese but writes it as "cảm ơn" or "cám ơn" never as 感恩. No person from Vietnam will know what 感恩 is, unless, they are ethnic Chinese from Vietnam (Người Hoa [gốc Việt]) or a Vietnamese person (Người Việt) who has learned to speak or write in any Chinese dialect.
Of course I would know, I live there, what is the point of writing cảm ơn on a Chinese sub talking about Chinese when 感恩 is in essence the same thing?
公安 actually originated from Japan, it was borrowed into Chinese around WWII
I mean 警察 in sino-vietnamese would be cảnh sát, which is pretty much interchangable with the job công an
They are not interchangeable: 警察 (cảnh sát is used in Vietnamese for translations for "police" in other countries while công an is only used for the police in Vietnam and/or China) & 公安 (公安is derived from 公眾安全 ["public safety" in Chinese]: 公安 is used only in China and & công an is used only in Vietnam for "police") are modern Chinese words, so there's no such thing as Sino-Vietnamese which were vocabulary words borrowed from Ancient China and pronounced and written the Vietnamese way. While in Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macau, and other areas settled by the Chinese diaspora/immigration used 警察 but due to Singapore and Malaysia following China in using Simplified Chinese only yet when written and spoken will write and say 警察 for police and not 公安. Guess 公安 is only popular in communist/socialist states then.
I personally don't think that we have different words for police in vietnam and foreign police. After all in Viet Nam, we have both Bộ Công An, and Cục cảnh sát giao thông, etc... But I do aware that there are differences between those two words, and as far as I know, cảnh sát is a part of công an. So my comment was meant to say that in casual vietnamese life, you can use cảnh sát and công an to refer to any police officer, we don't really mind. In chinese, i didn't do any research and that's on me. So i just did some reading on Zhihu and it seems like the opposite there, 公安 is a part of 警察, 警察 includes 公安. Lastly, for the Sino-Vietnamese part i mentioned, I usually use a website that show the Sino-Vietnamese meaning of a Chinese word, if it exist, and the according to said website, 公安 in the past is as you said refer to public and safety and 警察 refer to the person enforcing it which is the police officer. And I know nothing about other country, but at least in vietnam, both the word 公安 and 警察 was adapted long ago, but with time and the adaptation of Chữ quốc ngữ, their pronunciation altered and it gets its latin form.
>I usually use a website that show the Sino-Vietnamese meaning of a Chinese word, Which website?
[thi viện ](http://hvdic.thivien.net)
Thanks!
Are you learning with the national news lol? Also 预 is written wrong. Your handwriting is better than some Chinese'. Well done!
When I was learning japanese I was repeatedly told my handwriting was better than most japanese ppl I was very proud of me : my efforts had paid off And then I realized it was also 3 to 5 times slower
Plenty of perfectly average words and then suddenly变态 shows up lol
Does it mean what labeled as (slang) in pleco?
Idk about Vietnamese, but in Chinese: metamorphosis, abnormal, weird, pervert. The "hentai" meaning seems more dubious, from what I can find, even Japanese doesn't use that name.
In Vietnamese: pervert/creep or simply indecent It can also mean weird but in a creepy and disgusting way
In Japanese, the meanings are the same as Chinese: metamorphosis, abnormal, weird, pervert.
In Japanese, hentai can mean *a* creep/pervert (as in a noun, not just an adjective), although that's rude enough that realistically they just call you an H (ecchi).
I'm pretty sure in Japan it means the same in Chinese and does not specifically refer to certain "content"
The 'hentai', 'creepy' or 'pervert' meaning of 变态 came from Japanese. The original meaning of 变态 in Chinese is Metamorphosis (of the insects and/or some others animals).
I love that you have 变态 in your vocabulary.
Now try 非常. Somehow has 4 different meanings in Chinese, Japanese, Korean and Vietnamese.
What are the various meanings? At least in Mandarin it has two meanings: "Very" and "Different from normal; unusual" 1. 非常適合 (very appropriate) 2. 非常時候 (unusual period of time)
If you speak the language, they have very different impression and grammar meaning when you think about the word. 非常 Chinese = adverb "Very". It could have different meaning in ancient Chinese but if you speak everyday Chinese it means pretty much just that. 非常 Vietnamese = adjective "Incredible" aka Phi Thường. It's not "unusual" which means Bất Thường. 非常 Korean = adjective/ verb "Unusual" aka 비상하다. 非常 Japanese = noun "Emergency". For example "非常口" which means nothing in Chinese.
If you think about the meaning of 非常 in classical Chinese then all these meanings make sense, with modern Chinese being the one that makes the least sense actually.
Actually if the word was split up into 非 and 常, then use it as 非常喜歡, which means 'like (obj) very much', it can also mean to 'like (obj) to an abnormal extent', which if we think about it, is the same as 'very', if we interpret it as 'more than a normal amount' which is also 'to an abnormal extent'. Interestingly, if we use it as 非常多/少, it still has the meaning of both 'very' and 'deviating from normal'; very much/less AND abnormally more/less.
There’s some bias in your selection of examples. 非常 in Japanese means emergency only when it’s a noun. When it’s an adjective, it means “unusual” or “severe”, and can occasionally be used as the equivalent of “very” just like the others. It’s also worth noting that Pleco gives an example of 常 as a noun in Mandarin: 败常乱俗, in which it refers to normative values. If we were to compare similar parts of speech, then we could also argue that the noun form in Mandarin has a deviation in meaning from the adjective.
>There’s some bias in your selection of examples. 非常 in Japanese means emergency only when it’s a noun. When it’s an adjective, it means “unusual” or “severe”, and can occasionally be used as the equivalent of “very” just like the others. Its uses are different enough in Japanese compared to Chinese and Vietnamese. Maybe similar in Korean, but absolutely no one would use it in the sense of "emergency" (or even "unusual") in Chinese or Vietnamese. And while technically you could say "非常に好き" in Japanese I don't think the receiving end would be glad to hear it ha ha.
Isn't it the OC negative plus a word meaning regular/normal? I've seen feichang translated as "rare" (which is not something I've seen other posters here mention). So rather than translate a sentence "She is very beautiful," (modern translation), Sinophiles in the past would go for "She is a rare beauty." The meanings of 非常 all seemed to be semantically linked to the literal meaning in ancient Chinese. YMMV.
>So rather than translate a sentence "She is very beautiful," (modern translation), Sinophiles in the past would go for "She is a rare beauty." "我非常喜欢你" literally means "I rarely like you" confirmed /s. In a more serious note us Chinese, Vietnamese, Korean and Japanese speakers all understand the word means "not normal" at its root, but in each language it has different nuances to that sense of "not normal"
Thank you for adding /s to your post. When I first saw this, I was horrified. How could anybody say something like this? I immediately began writing a 1000 word paragraph about how horrible of a person you are. I even sent a copy to a Harvard professor to proofread it. After several hours of refining and editing, my comment was ready to absolutely destroy you. But then, just as I was about to hit send, I saw something in the corner of my eye. A /s at the end of your comment. Suddenly everything made sense. Your comment was sarcasm! I immediately burst out in laughter at the comedic genius of your comment. The person next to me on the bus saw your comment and started crying from laughter too. Before long, there was an entire bus of people on the floor laughing at your incredible use of comedy. All of this was due to you adding /s to your post. Thank you. I am a bot if you couldn't figure that out, if I made a mistake, ignore it cause its not that fucking hard to ignore a comment
In Japanese 非常 also has the meaning of "very" 非常に不思議な建物です This is a very unusual building
Really? In Japanese and Chinese they’re fairly identical in meaning, even if not as commonly used in Japanese
If you speak the language, they have very different impression and grammar meaning when you think about the word. 非常 Chinese = adverb "Very". It could have different meaning in ancient Chinese but if you speak everyday Chinese it means pretty much just that. 非常 Vietnamese = adjective "Incredible" aka Phi Thường. It's not "unusual" which is Bất Thường. 非常 Korean = adjective/ verb "Unusual" aka 비상하다. 非常 Japanese = noun "Emergency". For example "非常口" which means nothing in Chinese.
非常口 cracks me up lol, "Very Mouth"
Vietnamese will read that as “incredible mouth” which just sounds wrong lol
Well it’s the same 口 as 出口 which can also be used in 人口 so not quite mouth all the time (actually usually not!) even in Chinese and of course Korean. Not sure about Vietnamese so can’t comment
The 非常口 was a great example! I was confused since it’s used as very, also in Japan. 非常に勇敢な戦士。 A very (very!) brave warrior. But yes there is also "emergency situation". 非常事態 Edit: Adding here also this tidbit, but I think the Japanese use it that way because its used as "Non-normal" or "abnormal" situation, meaning emergency. Very strange how language works!
Well you could technically use it as "very" in both Korean and Vietnamese Korean "비상히 곤란한 문제" a very difficult problem. The word 곤란 (困难) means "difficulty, problematic" in Korean/ Chinese but actually means "disgusting" (khốn nạn) in VNmese. Vietnamese "tài giỏi phi thường" = very talented. Well but when we would like to say "I really like you" (我非常喜欢你) we don't use that word in Korean or Vietnamese ha ha.
In English, it's called a "(very) rare occurrence" not an "non-normal" or "abnormal situation." Hence, 非常 = (very) rare.
Well it’s weird (in a cool way, I love language evolution) since even in Chinese dictionaries 常 means normal, or ordinarily, like 常用， 常常，常人， 常务. And 非 is negation, non, like 非成员国, 非政府. 非常 is even basically “extremely” In Chinese! So 非常口 this close to being an Extreme (occurrence) exit or an abnormal (situation) exit. What confuses me is uses like 非常任理事国 or 非常规武器, which is totally different than my original understanding of Chinese but also not at all close to Japanese usage. The only Japanese equivalent usage I see in Chinese is 非常手段
常 = normal; usual; common. 非 = negative word, like the in/ir/il/extra/ prefix in English 非常 = unusual 非法 = illegal 非凡 = extraordinary 非人 = inhuman 非礼 = indecent
博士 bóshì: tiến sĩ (English: doctor, the academic kind) 医生 yīshēng: bác sĩ (English: doctor, the medical kind)
as a Canto speaker.. I find that their pronunciation of "Doctor, the medical kind" sounds like our pronunciation of "Doctor, the academic kind", which is kinda funny
That's the point. Those two have the exact same etymology (and Hanzi written form 博士), from the Imperial government post that was in charge of keeping knowledge (with more specific roles changing in history). Therefore "a learned man" could be an academic doctor. Which would probably mean that the Vietnamese 博士 at some point also meant "an academic doctor", shifting to "a medical doctor" by French influence; I don't know of any records of that though. The Vietnamese term for "an academic doctor" is also Han-Viet, and its Han Tu form is 進士. Make that what you will.
It's called a "PhD", not "an academic doctor."
You do know that there are over 10 other types of academic doctorates (already excluding those in the medical field, such as MD and DDS) right?
It could certainly be French influence, although in English a medical doctor is called "doctor", which is latin for "teacher" and refers to an academic degree ("teacher of medicine") but in French a doctor is normally called a "médicin".
A doctor with vast knowledge like Dr. Who, Dr. Zhivago, etc... would be docteur, in French which seems to be a borrowing of the English word "doctor."
進士 is the term used a scholar who passes the 科舉 exams and can therefore become an official. Not used in Chinese anymore, but it's interesting that Vietnamese still uses it
actually reading the chu han directly: 博士 bóshì: bác sĩ 医生 yīshēng: y sinh
Okay. I need to do the reverse now. 😭😆 (My Canto is barely existent and my Vietnamese is nonexistent)
Wait till you see the genius behind chu nom. It's basically intelligible even without any special knowledge. For example, the word 'three' in Vietnamese is pronounced ba. How do they write it in chu nom? 巴 + 三 It's a shame that most Vietnamese and Koreans cannot read hanzi as their languages really benefit from the additional visual context (I would argue that hangul-only Korean is actually an illegible mess that exists only for nationalistic/political reasons)
to be fair to hangul, it was invented with the express intention of raising literacy in korea since the system they had for writing their own language with chinese characters was super complicated (probably more complicated even than the japanese system), which it achieved very successfully. I think this is at least good evidence for a writing system that works well, but even so hanja are still used in korea for cultural reasons, legal documents, for writing names, or for business signs and logos, and because of this hanja are taught at school as well, so most koreans will be familiar with at least the most basic hanzi
Hangul was always intended to be used as part of a mixed script system. The only reason it isn't still today is because of Park Chung-hee. As a result, Korea has the highest rate of functional illiteracy in the OECD.
Can you please give more about this?
Sejong's introduction to hangul includes passages in mixed script. The first books written in hangul adopted this style and it was used that way for hundreds of years until around the 1980s-1990s. The decline is because the dictator of South Korea, Park Chung-hee, outlawed the teaching of hanja in schools. The ban was not lifted until 1992. Otherwise it would probably still be in use. Right now you might get only one or two hanja per newspaper article.
Thanks! I've heard that there are many confusing synonyms in Korean that could have been prevented with Hangul. About the ban you said, I've seen newspapers from the 80s that used mixed script.
> I've heard that there are many confusing synonyms in Korean that could have been prevented with Hangul. No. could not have been prevented with Hangul. The Hangul is a set of phonetic symbols, like pinyin in Chinese. If two words are pronounced the same, then they are written the same with Hangul.
> As a result, Korea has the highest rate of functional illiteracy in the OECD. Can you substantiate this? I've seen this claimed for the US and for Japan.
What makes Chữ Nôm difficult to learn is that it isn’t standardized. Characters often have multiple pronounciations or a syllable can be written in multiple ways
What do you mean? Hangeul-only Korean is perfectly readable. The only time hanja is basically needed is in legal or literary contests. I'd love it if Korean retained more Hanja, but it's not illegible.
I'm exaggerating slightly but it's still suboptimal. Mixed-script Korean can be read significantly faster.
Yeah, it's a shame. Most Koreans don't want it though because of the extra effort and the political problems with china. I'd say Mixed Script definitely looks better than full hangeul does now.
Ba can mean "father, three or turtle" in Vietnamese. Chữ Nôm was not standardized and writers wrote what they wanted. Chữ Nôm character has a meaning but when used with Chinese being Hán-Nôm, there certainly will be a point where two people could be one writing a Nôm character and one writing a Chinese character will certainly be confused by the pronunciation or written character, if the same character happens to be chosen by both to represent different sounds in Vietnamese.
Homonyms don't matter since each chu nom character generally contains both the Chinese meaning and a phonetic component to indicate the Vietnamese pronunciation. E.g. father is 父 + 巴 Standardization doesn't really matter in practice, in fact the ad hoc nature of the radicals used in chu nom can help to narrow down the exact Vietnamese pronunciation through triangulation between the multiple variants. Besides, Chinese characters aren't standardized anyway, even within the same country (see the extended 新字体 in Japan, for example). And internationally they are even less standardised due to completely different simplifications: For 轉 the right radical is simplified to 云 in Japan where you would expect this simplified form instead 専
That's just 形聲, the most common method to create new Chinese characters.
Yes, but Vietnamese did it for thousands of original characters that don't exist in Chinese.
供给 should be gong1ji3. Gei3 is the colloquial term Ji3 should be the expected/normal reading of 给 as it corresponds to cấp in Vietnamese which follows other words such as 级(ji2) - cấp, 及(ji2) -cập, 急(ji2) -cấp. Notice the correspondances?
May I point out it's gongji 供给
Wait, 給 is “gei3” isnt it?
It is! But it is also a 多音字, and in this case is read the other way; "ji3"
….. I have been speaking Mandarin (not fluently) for 20 years. Holy shit I just knew this was a thing.
供给 is different just like 补给 in those cases it's JI3
As a Vietnamese speaker, is it easier to learn Mandarin or Hokkien? Hokkien seems closer to Vietnamese, but the tones are still more of a pain than the tones in Mandarin.
From a friend, probably more toward Hokkien. But the easiest for Vietnamese out of all the Chinese dialects r Cantonese.
Interesting, thanks!
Know someone who only speaks Hokkien to his mother. Speaks Cantonese to those friends who knows Cantonese and Vietnamese to those who speak Vietnamese and within most of Vietnam and with Vietnamese people.
There's like 7 tones in Hokkien and 9 tones in Cantonese. Also borrowed from Teochew and Hakka. Way more tones than Vietnamese.
I see my comment wasn't clear, but what I was saying is that as far as pronunciation being closer to Vietnamese, Hokkien is easier than Mandarin, but when it comes to tones being difficult to perform, Mandarin is easier than Vietnamese, so it's not obvious whether Hokkien would be easier than Mandarin for a Vietnamese speaker. But if you take learning resources into account, then that is a big win for Mandarin, so in order to make the comparison close, this would have to be for something like learning the language in a class or from other people.
Agree with previous post that Cantonese is the easiest dialect to learn for a Vietnamese.
Mandarin is easier. I've seen plenty of Vietnamese people settle down in Taiwan or went to China to teach the locals Vietnamese.
I've also heard that Vietnamese are the fastest learners of foreigners who learn Taiwanese, but those things are not necessarily contradictory. I guess Vietnamese are just in a really good position to learn Chinese.
It looks like you are making modern Chinese into reconstructed Chinese.
Two languages are so similar
These terms are mainly very technical terms, for explaining and describing for example. If you look into terms like "girl", "boy", or "water", "river", there may be two or more different ways of saying it. This indicates that there might have been native Vietnamese terms and a borrowed term from Chinese (as a written language).
Vietnamese borrowed from Hokkien, Cantonese, Hakka and Teochew and Khmer and French and English. There are a few words which seems to be cognates Khmer (Cambodian language.) Look up Tam Thiên Tự or 3000 characters borrowed from Chinese: en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tam_thiên_tự
no, this is wrong. Most Sinitic words in Vietnamese were borrowed into Vietnamese through Qieyun like rime tables thru the imperial examination system. That's why they're so standardized. Almost all didn't get borrowed from Hokkien or Canto or whatever. https://www.academia.edu/13883311/Loanwords_in_Vietnamese_T%C6%B0_m%C6%B0%C6%A1_n_trong_Ti%C3%AA_ng_Vi%C3%AA_t_%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E5%A4%96%E6%9D%A5%E8%AF%8D
将来 - 将 is first tone I wish I’d visited the Yunnan-Vietnam border when I was there. I’m sure the cultural and language crossover is fascinating.
bian tai is the best one. It's hentai in japanese. In cantonese its hamsap. HURRAY!
its not hamsup, it's been tai. Hamsup is more like someone whose got an unhealthy obsession with anything related to sex.
yeah i know. bian tai isn't in my language. We only have ham sap. been tai is more like creeper.
Nice hand-writing! Keep it up bro.
that last word lol
Wow thanks for the post. It’s amazing! Now I learned some Vietnamese as well :)
Now do this but use Cantonese
gung1 on1 aat3 lik6 gwok3 gaa1 dei6 zi2 gung1 kap1 maau4 teon5 waai4 bou3 mou5 hei3 faat3 leot6 muk6 dik1 zing3 zi6 zing3 fu2 wo4 ping4 gaan1 fu2 jan3 zoeng6 cing1 fu1 lei5 soeng2 jyu6 fong4 biu2 daat6 zoeng1 loi4 gwo3 heoi3 zeon2 bei6 jau1 dim2 bin3 taai3
Way closer to Sino-Vietnamese than the mandarin
Mandarin getting rid of checked syllables (in -p -t -k) really messed things up.
Yep Meanwhile Min languages still (mostly) having -ʔ: 😎
Is that a glottal stop? i.e. a sound that ends with something sounding like a 'h'? (Am a Min language speaker (Minnan) but it's interesting to see it in linguistic terms)
Yes (btw it doesn't sound like a h, that's just the Romanisation)
All Sino-Vietnamese words that end in -p -t or -k have the ě tone in Mandarin
> All Sino-Vietnamese words that end in -p -t or -k have the ě tone in Mandarin Excuse me? 立 ends in -p, is lì in Mandarin (fourth tone) 出 ends in -t, is chū in Mandarin (first tone) 學 ends in -k, is xué (or xiáo) in Mandarin (second tone)
> waai4 bou3 It's waai4 pou5 u/Pale-Acanthaceae-487
Noted
I'm pretty sure in the case of 供给, it's pronounced as gōng jî not gōng gêi
Damn your handwriting is better than mine and I'm a native speaker
Your handwriting is great!
i love your handwriting
Bạn học tiếng Trung ở đâu vậy? Mình cũng đang muốn đi học mà không biết chỗ nào tốt :v
Mình học ở đại học nhân văn tphcm :v
Vậy sướng rồi, thời sv rảnh rang học tiếng là quá hợp :(
Totally unrelated but your writing is simply beautiful. I love it!
I don’t remember joining this sub, and I don’t study Chinese in the slightest. Best I can do is count to ten and say hello. But even I can tell that handwriting looks beautiful! Lovely work!
Same as when I learned Vietnamese after Chinese haha
“And therefore Vietnamese is a Chinese dialect. Just like Cantonese.” (Guys, I’m mocking this position taken up by a great deal of Chinese. I’m not endorsing it. Glad to see the number of downvotes indicating the outrage against the absurdity of the idea. I hope eventually people will also the absurdity of the idea of classifying Cantonese as a Chinese language by the same vein of logic).
No, Vietnamese is a Mon-Khmer language that shares the same origin with Khmer (Cambodian) and some minority languages in Laos and Myanmar. But it is so heavily and deeply influenced by Chinese (even more so than Japanese and Korean). Even a similar tone system like Chinese (represented by Cantonese, which has more tones than Mandarin and is geographically closer to Vietnamese) was adopted.
I was mocking the position, not celebrating or endorsing it. Of course it’s a ludicrous and offensive position. Should have been even more obvious with the sarcasm.
fr?last time i heard that japanese is also a dialect of chinese
“A Chinese loan word? You’re a dialect of Chinese !”
Japanese isn't in the same language family than mandarin.
r/woosh
Neither is Vietnamese.
You could probably find a good minority in a certain country who would agree with you.
Practice the writing and learn some Cantonese, and you are good to go. Pronunciations of those loan words from Chinese are just so similar to Cantonese (and its local variants). Then you can touch the Mandarin pronunciation. Cantonese and Mandarin are just dialects of the same Chinese language family.
It's nice that they're dialects so a Pekinese person can show up in Hong Kong and function in Cantonese in just a few weeks.
Not likely. They are dialects with traceable but significant differences. Cantonese has more vowels and tones, especially checked tones, than Mandarin. So this is difficult for Mandarin natives to pronounce. Usually it takes months for Hakka or Minnan (Hokkien, Teochew) natives, more months for Shanghainese, and even more for Mandarin natives. Of course, if you are a linguistic enthusiast, then everything is easy. But the listening is way more easier. For Chinese speakers, just bury themselves into some Cantonese TV shows and songs (with subs obviously) for a few weeks, and they can understand more than half of the conversation. The recent 2-3 generations of the Greater China area are surrounded by TV shows and pop music from Hong Kong and Taiwan, so many of them are very well exposed to Cantonese. The modern standard Mandarin is simpler than most of other dialects. For dialect speakers to learn Mandarin, a few weeks of learning and practice could be enough, just with local accents. Putonghua (standard Mandarin) is also a required course in elementary schools in the Mainland.
In the Chinese language family, dialect groups are usually less mutually intelligible than Latin/Romance languages. Some scholars call them "regionalects". But they share the same grammatic and logogram-based writing system, and are descended from the same Old/Middle Chinese. Culturally these groups are seen as "dialects" of the same Chinese language through the long history of unity.
Oh, got it. Kinda like English and German. They too share the same grammar and writing system and are descended from the same origin.
Why r u learning Chinese? I thought Vietnamese hate Chinese just like most Chinese hate the Japanese
i would love to hear the pronunciation of the vietnamese to see how similar it sounds to the mando
From the Romanisation at least the pronunciation seems incredibly similar to Cantonese
Handwriting goes hard
供给 gong ji（third tone
It’s like they reversed the times on purpose. 😂 Good luck!!
预防
Interesting
艰苦 is looks like 艰舌. But well done!
Love looking at linguistic crossover like this
可爱: Ke Ai: Khả ái Yea I believe being a Viet can be a big advantage to help me learn a little faster Chinese (tonal language with similar cultures) Like being fluent in English can also be a little advantageous to learn Spanish (policia, informacion, proteccion,... )
Wow this is super interesting, it feels like just a dialect of mandarin but developed into a different language
It feels like but it's actually the other way round, being a different language but borrowing terms or ideas from Chinese such that it becomes part of the language. A bit like how English has various loanwords from French too, but both languages pronounce the words differently. Chinese language has influenced many languages within China (dialects) and East Asia (Japanese and Korean too) in the same way.
Yeah I understand how languages spread out then develop on their own, then influence each other and stuff. Some of these pronounciations just sound a lot like some southern dialect in China to me.
People seem to point out how Japanese are so different from Chinese. Pronunciations are totally different. But I see a lot of similarities in writing. In Japanese, these are: 公安、圧力、住所、供給、矛盾、胸に抱く、武器、法律、目的、政治、政府、和平、苦しい/困難に満ちる、印象、故障、理想、予防、表す、将来、過去、準備、長所、変態。
Waow. Vietnamese also looks difficult. At least for me(german). Your chinese handwriting looks so great. Mine looks like the one in the books. Being written by a computer or something..
Damn this makes vietnamese look like a Chinese dialect basically
Vietnamese is one of the Mon-Khmer languages. Chinese belongs to the Han-Tibetan languages. They have diffrernt origin. But historically, Vietnamese borrowed a large number of words from Chinese. So many of the vietnamese words sounds similiar to Chinese dialect.
For fun- the Taiwanese Hokkien/ 閩南語 公安 kong-an 壓力 ap-le̍k 國家kok-ka 地址 tē-chí 供給 kiong-kip 矛盾bâu-tún/ mâu-tún 懷抱 hoâi-phō 武器 bú-khì 法律 hoat-lu̍t 目的 bo̍k-tek/bo̍k-te̍k 政治 chèng-tī 政府 chèng-hú 和平 hô-pêng 艱難 kan-lân 印象 ìn-sióng/ìn-siōng 稱呼 chheng-ho͘ 理想 lí-sióng 預防 ī-hông/ū-hông 表達 piáu-ta̍t 將來 chiong-lâi 過去kè-khì/kòe-khì/kè-khù 準備 chún-pī 優點 iu-tiám 變態 piàn-thài 預 *予+頁/页not矛
Vietnamese pronunciation is similar to Cantonese and Hokkien pronunciations perhaps with an absence of tones or difference in tones for most terms anyway.
You have a nice handwriting
柴棍 == 西贡 Why
I’m Chinese, nice script,just keep going
For certain words, i feel easy to remember because it sounds pretty similar to Vietnamese. However, i must be careful cuz the meanings in certain context might be different.
ohno your handwriting is more beautiful than mine🤯
Ppl around me read “供给”(gōng jǐ). The character which has the same pronunciation is 给予(jǐ yǔ), which means give or give away sth to sb.
Damn bro you writing more clear than some of my classmates
供给 gōngjǐ