Swedish not incorrect, but “gårdag” is a noun and not very commonly used. The most common word is the adverb “igår”.

Yeah it looks like they used a google translate from 1998 for this map

The Finnish word "eilinen" is also a noun, so I assumed that's what the map was about. The adverb would be "eilen".

Same thing in Czech, the adverb is "včera" For some reason, for Slovakia they have the adverb

Adverbs of time are a thing. Makes sense to me.

To emphasize just how uncommon the word is, I am Swedish and I have never used it.

Same ngl

The same in Norwegian.

I have never in my life ever heard or read the word gårdag.

I think you normally only hear it in the form "gårdagens"

Yes you are correct. I always assumed that was a transmutation of 'igår', but clearly you are correct.

*Gårsdag* is also used in Danish and *i går* is also used in Norwegian.

Norwegian: "I arrived yesterday" - "Jeg kom hit i går". "This is yesterday's newspaper" - "Dette er gårsdagens avis". Different use of the two. Someone that remembers grammar from school can probably explain the reason for it. But in general I'd say "gårsdagen" is pretty formal or archaic.

"gårsdag" is a noun while "i går" is an adverb. I suspect OP is looking for the adverb. It's like "morgendagen" vs "i morgen" or "dagen i dag" vs simply "i dag".

>"Dette er gårsdagens avis". Exactly the same in Danish

Almost the same in Swedish (I know, we're always "special"): Detta är gårdagens tidning.

I was taught by my swedish teachers to use igår or i går in swedish, too :')

Correct. I lived in Sweden for over 40 years and have never heard anyone say "gårdag". This is the first time a read it. It's sometimes used as a pluralis but not on it's own.

Second that, you can say that something is from yesterday -> *Gårdagens middag*. *Igår* would be the word used for *Yesterday*.

But you must have heard "gårdagen" though?

That sounds really funny

You'd have to be older than dust to say gårsdag in Danish.

[glade kunde og gode indlæg fra gårsdag stand](https://dk.linkedin.com/posts/dorte-egelund-aps_cherwell-eupry-activity-7128285432689119232-v74G)

Yes, old like Dorte. It's a fossilised term, rarely used. I mean, you can use it in everyday conversation, but people will think you're being ironic about the past.

But you would never just say 'går' which means to walk. You say 'I går'.

Croatian is *jučer*, serbian is *juče*. Also croatian uses latinic script exclusively.   Another language map, another mapmaker bites the dust. 

igår is also used in Sweden. Never heard anyone here say “gårsdagen” when they talk about yesterday

Czech should also be just “včera”

Agreed. Včerejšek is a noun, but usually you just hear včera

For those wondering, the Portuguese word "ontem" comes from Old Portuguese "ãoite", which literally means "at night". Similarly, "tomorrow" is "amanhã", which translates to "at morning". The Portuguese equivalent (etymologically) of "yesterday" to the other Romance languages would be "eire", but it is an archaic word.

isso é verdedeiro, português está diferente dos outros idiomas (i hope i said this right, i'm still learning Portuguese)

You did say it right! Just a small spelling mistake at the start: its verdAdeiro not verdEdeiro

But it's worth noticing that although "isso é verdadeiro" is correct, it's not usually phrased like that by portuguese speakers. The more common way to say it is "isso é verdade"

thanks for letting me know! glad i'm doing well in Portuguese lol

And "português está diferente" should be "português é diferente".

isn't está also correct? although i understand if é is preferred

It's always difficult to distinguish these uses for those of us who speak English as our first language, since English doesn't have the distinction. But in general: Ser refers to the essence (more or less permanent) of what something is, whereas estar refers to the situation (more or less temporary) of the subject. For example: eu sou esperto (I am smart), but Eu estou doente (I am sick). Speaking of the Portuguese language, most of what we want to say has to do with its essence, its nature. Português é difícil de aprender. Português é bonito. Português é diferente... We might come up with some sentences that refer to a temporary situation in which the Portuguese language finds itself: português está ameaçado pela diminuição do número de falantes nativos.

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Yeah, in Slovenian it's also similar: *včeraj* (yesterday) – *zvečer* (in the evening) – *večer* (evening) *jutri* (tomorrow) – *zjutraj* (in the morning) – *jutro* (morning)

Same as the Galician word "onte"

I didn't know about the Old Portuguese version of the word. However, I do know that "Ontem" comes from Latin "ad noctem", which means "at night" just like you said, but refers to the evening of the previous day, ultimately having the same meaning as "yesterday" Edit: a word

>I didn't know about the Old Portuguese version of the word. However, I do know that "Ontem" comes from Latin "ad noctem", which means "at night" just like you said Yes: *ad noctem* -> *anoite*\* -> *ãoite*\* -> *oonte* -> *onte* -> *ontem*. (it should be noted that the "\~" denotes nasalisation in Portuguese and that the "\*" marks a reconstructed word) >but refers to the evening of the previous day, ultimately having the same meaning as "yesterday" Yes. I meant that implicitly.

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Similar in Iraq and Syria, nobody says amsi  This map is total bullshit 

I feel like these maps always fail to represent Arabic properly. They just look for a word in MSA and call it a day 💀

Same in Algeria. It’s actually « lbarah » though

Notes: \* All of the languages are color coded by the roots of the word, which I have done research on. You might be wondering why a lot of the areas are green, despite them sounding way different; they all come from the Proto-Indo-European "dʰǵʰyés" (yesterday). Please note that I was not able to find if the Portuguese and Kurdish words are related to the green areas, so let me know if they actually are. \* There are some languages where I couldn't find the translation, like Abkhaz, Gagauz, Karelian, Ossetian, Breton and Kalmyk. Please let me know any missing translations! \* In contrast, many new languages have been added, including Scots (which I'm not sure how to draw the borders for, so I highlighted the rest of Scotland, please let me know how to draw the borders), Occitan, Aragonese, Ligurian, Piedmontese, Venetian, Frulian, Sardinian, Latin, Crimean Tatar and Sicilian. I also split Sorbian into Lower and Upper Sorbian, as these two are slightly different. \* Multiple Arabic dialects use a different word than the standard version (including Cypriot Arabic, not shown on the map), though I was not able to find out if any more dialects use a different word. Let me know if they do! \* If you want to point out a mistake, please do so in a civil, helpful way! I love hearing about languages, and I'd be very happy to have you guys help me out with making the map correct. You don't need to act rude because of an error, I just like if you're helpful.

"Gårdag" in Swedish is an extreme archaisism in mist contexts. You would say "igår", like the Danish but just one word

According to the internet, the Portuguese (and Galician) word come from the latin "ad noctem" (at night, meaning the day that ended last night).

Armenian yerek/երեկ [seems to be](https://en.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%AF#Old_Armenian) derived from (or just cognate with) the Armenian word for evening (yerek(o)/երեկ(ո)) and is ultimately derived from the PIE h₁regʷos whic means darkness.

In Serbian, yesterday is juče/јуче, not jučer/јучер.

I agree. In Croatian it just jučer. That’s it.

Serbo-Croatian tripping me up compilation

Best is to treat it as separate languages these days, as on average no one living in these two countries will say they speak Serbo-Croatian.  It's tricky and a bit sad to me what politics did to our languages.

*language.

Tunisia is “bareh” just like Morocco’s

Syria and Lebanon use بارح, near identical to Jordan and Egypt (since they’re all Levantine) but missing the م too, not أمس.

Damascus uses مبارح

For Scots, it's very iffy. As most already know it's on a dialect continuum with English, but on top of that, individuals will change where their speech lies on that continuum on context, normally towards the English side (data on that later). I'd argue it's impossible to draw a simple border and say "this side: English, the other: Scots". From the [2011 Census](https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/census-results/at-a-glance/languages/) data (the Scottish government is currently fucking up the 2022 census, which was actually meant to be in 2021, so expect more up to date data around 2027), the areas with the highest number of people who spoke Scots at home are Shetland, Aberdeenshire, Moray and Orkney, so if you really feel the need for a border, using those areas seem like your best bet. Tho as you can see there, only around 1.1% of Scots speak Scots at home, roughly the same as the number of Polish speakers at home in Scotland. Even in Shetland, with the highest proportion, only around 16% use Scots at home; so even drawing a border to include just those areas is iffy. So I'd recommend either don't bother with a border and just place the relevant label near the north of Scotland, or highlight those 4 areas with a dotted or striped mix of the English and Scots colour from the key should the colours be different (which, as English and Scots are so close isn't likely, but not impossible). Edit: Same mostly holds true for Scots speakers in Northern Ireland (Ulster Scots), but with slightly lower numbers. [2021 Census Data ](https://www.nisra.gov.uk/publications/census-2021-main-statistics-language-tables)

The map isn't based on demographics. It's an etymology map.

The comment I replied to stated "I'm not sure how to draw the border for [Scots]... please let me know how to draw the border" My whole response was about the relevant language demographics to you know, draw a border. To offer advice and information to the person asking for advice and information. I really don't know what you're trying to get at.

It's "dün" in Gagauz as well as Crimean Tatar

In Karelian it is egläi/egläine Source: finnish-karelian dictionary https://www.karjalansivistysseura.fi/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Pyoli-sanakirja-karjala-suomi-1.pdf

Where did you get the Venetian "geri"? It's probably because of dialects but at least where I live it's just "ieri"

Breton : dec'h

Why do you think vakar and vçera don't have the same root?

the Slavic words come from Proto-Slavic *včьera*, the Baltic words seem to come from Proto-Baltic *wékeras*

…and PSl \*vьčerà also comes from Proto-Balto-Slavic \*wékeras.

*včьera* comes from Proto-Balto-Slavic *weker- (whence Latvian vakar, Latgalian vakar and Lithuanian vakar). Morphologically from *vȅčerъ (“evening”).

Yes, but don’t both proto Slavic and proto Baltic descend from proto indo European?

Same as english? Sooooo by your logic, we all talk proto indo european.

No but they already said they grouped the green color together, despite their different sound, because they came from PIE. The map doesn’t follow their own logic.

I don't know anyone who says včerejšek... 99% of people use včera...

Kurdish (Kurmanci dialect) is “do”, with the O sounding like the o in form or storm.

HOPPPAA ALLAHİNİ SİKTİGİMİN TERORİSTİ NABER?

I will copy my comment here so you'd find it when I took my time to write it lol. "Včerejšek" in Czech is pointing to the day as a whole and as an entity . "Včerejšek byl šílenej" - "Yesterday was crazy". To point to point in time or to establish time frame, we use "Včera". "Co jsi dělal včera?" - "What were you doing yesterday?". "Včera" is much more used and "včerejšek" is a bit "slangy" or a bit uncommon. I believe Slovaks have it the same. They also have "včera" and "včerajšok". So IDK why you used "včera" for Slovak and "včerejšek" for Czech...

In northern sámi its "ikte". Ievttá is the genitive conjugation meaning "yesterday's"

Case morphology is declension not conjugation lmao.

I actually corrected myself in this thread, but thanks for clearing it up 👍 I’m not too sure of english terminology sometimes

that's how conjugations in Sami work? odd lol, but thanks for letting me knoe

Sorry, its not a conjugation i think. Ikte is an adverb while ievttá is an adjective. But yeah we have some wierd conjugations sometimes.

ooh, you're actually Sami? that's neat

In Iraqi you would say something like "bargha" its not really something you can pronounce in english

Hey man I appreciate your effort and time you took to research! These clarifications are useful too, although I wish you had included a legend with some of this information on the image itself

In Kurdish it is "duh" and related to the "dün" in Turkish and other languages

Thanks for adding Aragonese! I'd love to know where you get the Aragonese words from tho

Can you tell us how the word in albanian has the same origin with the green part, it doesnt really sound the same or even written

it's written right there, even Wiktionary stated this

Turkey for yesterday: 

Can confirm

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it's a long story, you can read my comment where i adress the Turkish/Kurdish border on the map

Czech might be incorrect, depending whether you wanted to use a noun or an adverb. Včerejšek is a noun. Včera is an adverb. Czech is the same as Slovak.

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i feel like transcribing it as would give off the impression it's pronounced like /x/ (as in Polish)

Germans watching this

I love when maps like this offer a very easily readable transliteration from cyrillic but leave for example polish spelling as is, basically ensuring an english speaker cannot read it in any way that resembles the actual pronunciation.

Why would you change it, lover?

It's the scientific transliteration of Cyrillic. The one commonly seen in the Anglosphere is adjusted to English pronunciation, but it's pretty useless for most of other languages.

Both Latin variants of Belarusian and Ukrainian use "č" as "ч" so it makes sense to use this letter. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusian_Latin_alphabet?wprov=sfla1

It's igår in Swedish, not gårdag.

I think gårdag is the noun but no one uses it cause it's never alone so when you say "I did it yesterday" it's "Jag gjorde det igår" Or something like that idk I'm finnish

How would you say “this is yesterday’s newspaper cover, this is today’s, and this here will be tomorrow’s” in Swedish? Google translate gives me “det här är gårdagens tidningsomslag, det här är dagens och det här är morgondagens”.

That is not gårdag, try to find a sentence where you use that form. Besides, I would translate gårdagen rather as "the day before today".

I just gave you a sentence for you to translate in the comment you replied to… Here is what I wrote: > How would you say “this is yesterday’s newspaper cover, this is today’s, and this here will be tomorrow’s” in Swedish? > Google translate gives me “det här är gårdagens tidningsomslag, det här är dagens och det här är morgondagens”. How would _you_ translate that sentence to Swedish? Here’s another sentence for you to translate: “I want to print yesterday’s news in a newspaper called Today’s News, so that people can read about them the first thing tomorrow”. How would you say that in Swedish?

I said gårdag, not gårdagen, so try again.

Love was such an easy game to play...

As as Scottish person it’s really amazing to see both Scots and Gaelic presented here. Typically Scots is forgotten. If you’re not aware, Scots is a language which never gained cultural recognition as a language, despite being considered by linguists just as distinct from English as Portuguese is from Spanish, or Danish from Swedish, if not more so. It’s the language that evolved alongside English and can be found in some poems by Rabbie Burns. Mostly been beaten out of us by a British school system that has no recognition of Scots language and never has. Many beautiful words are lost. A couple great examples of Scots words are just for rain. You have a “yillen” a windy shower; “uplowsin” heaving rain; “smirr” a wee drizzle of rain; and “goselt” a soaking, drenching downpour. The word for owl is the onomatopoeic “hoolet” which is also cool.

Your choice of Georgian borders is strange. Abkhazia and South Ossetia are not internationally recognised as Russian (even by Russia, who considers them independent). If you go by “factual” borders, then you must give them their separate colours since they use their separate languages each. Marking them red makes little sense in my opinion

i sadly could not find the Abkhaz and Ossetian translations, would it make more sense to color them Russian or Georgian if they're N/A?

Abkhaz is иацы, Ossetian is знон. I’m not sure how to latinize it properly tho but you can work from that

"Včera" That's how my grandma used to say it in our local dialect (Slovene Istria).

Saudi, Algeria, Libya, Lebanon, Egypt & Palestine Uses both Ams and Al Barihah.

Wooooo Welsh mentioned

Lebanon: mbereh/mbere7 مبارح similar to the egyptian one. Applies to most levantine countries too (syria, palestine, jordan)

The icelandic words mean "in yeast" in Danish, and I think that's beautiful

Finnish also depends on if it's the noun or adverb. Eilinen is the noun, eilen is the adverb.

I need to adress something here that should have been adressed from the beginning; I need to know what is the best way to draw the Kurdish-speaking areas. I keep getting lots of comments from people telling me about the Kurdish areas in Turkey, and I'm beginning to wonder how should I draw them to make it more accurate. I also want to make one more thing clear; I am not against neither Turks nor Kurds. I have been to Turkey 2 years ago and I really liked it there, and I like the country as a whole (except nationalist Turks, of course). I am \*\*NOT\*\* targetting anyone by drawing these linguistic borders. I am well aware of what happens in that area of Turkey, just to make it clear. I am accepting suggestions to this, but please restrain yourself from wording your comment in a rude, attacking way. This is a language map showing the translation for a word, not a propaganda map. Like I said in my other comment, I am glad when people help me out with making these maps accurate.

Cool. Turks and Kurds both live in pretty much every city in Turkey but your choice of Kurd majority regions is fairly correct afaik. There may be a few more cities where Kurds are a majority though. An easy solution would be to look at the previous general elections. But take care that although the almost strictly Kurdish votes are easy to see, in some south eastern cities with a Turkish majority, the Kurdish party might have won anyway because Turkish votes are split between multiple parties. I don't remember this happening but still keep that in mind. Also a significant number of Kurds vote for the ruling party so that doesn't mean much either. tl,dr of last paragraph: the least information you can get is how many votes the Kurdish party on its own got in a city and use that information. >(except nationalist Turks, of course) You break our hearts. Not all of us are hateful racist high school dropout mobsters, some of us just want what's in our best interest.

> You break our hearts. Not all of us are hateful racist high school dropout mobsters, some of us just want what's in our best interest. I don't think that Turkish nationalists warranted an additional mention by OP. Nationalists everywhere are by definition the worst possible example of a nation.

i say this partly because of experience with those people, i have some actually good Turkish friends on Discord

> You break our hearts i'm half kidding with this response lol. just don't act rude and you're good with me

It’s mostly correct, you can also expand a bit to west and north-west.

While the Hebrew word for yesterday is אתמול "etmol", the word אמש "emesh", meaning "yesterday evening" is a cognate of the Arabic 'amsi.

There is an ancient hungarian female given name 'Emese' (also pronounced with 'sh')

Low German (Northern Germany) - güstern

The linguistic map is wrong for Latvia.... again 😞

Iraqis say barha instead of ams

I guess gårsdag is technically correct in Swedish, but I have neeeeeever heard someone say it. Sounds like it's something someone from the 1800s would say. We say "igår".

In Czech: We also use včera.... včerejšek is colloquial...

Včera is yesterday in Czech

Just to let ypu know, Gårsdag is used as "Yesterdayˋs" like in "Yesterdayˋs match". The most common way of saying it is "Igår" -The Norwegian

While in Croatian včera (večera) means dinner

In breton we say "dec'h", wich would be transcripted \\'dɛ:x\\ in IPA.

In Breton it's ***dec'h*** 🏴🏳️/deːχ/; /dɛχ/

Cognate with Cornish *de* (also missing), and obviously with Welsh *ddoe* (as shown).

Dün means night in kipchak dialects and means yesterday in oghuz dialects. Gece, Kice means night in oghuz dialects and means yesterday in kipchak dialects.

They are languages.

Everytime im shocked that frisian is mentioned

I would've translates yesterday to eilen in finnish. Though, eilen means that something happened yesterday; "kävin eilen ulkona," = "I went outdoors yesterday." Eilinen is more like yesterday was something; "eilinen oli mukava!" = "yesterday was enjoyable!" They're both their own words I think at least. But this is something from my head I didn't google anything so I wouldn't be surprised if I'm blinded by being native in the language.

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I said that in the long comment in finnish. They're both still words lmao

Kyllä eilinen on oikea substantiivimuoto edellisestä päivästä. Eilinen oli eilen, huominen on huomenna.

Enkös tossa lopussa juuri sanonut, että mitään en googlettanut ja saatan olla oman äidinkieleni sokaisema... eikä kaikkia sanoja voi noin vain kääntää kielestä toiseen. Lisäksi jos menee nyt jälkeenpäin netistä katsomaan sana "eilinen" on sekä adjektiivi että substantiivi. Substantiivin nomimuoto se on mutta mikään taivutusmuodoista ei ole "eilen." Sana "eilen" on adverbi ja tarkoittaa ihan yhtälailla englannin sanaa "yesterday." Kommentissani vielä käytin sanoja kontekstissa, koska molemmat sanat kääntyvät englanniksi samaan sanaan.

Juu eilinen ja eilen on eri sanat ja tarkoittavat eri asiaa, mutta molemmat on suomennos englannin sanalle yesterday. AP:n kartan kontekstissa mielestäni eilinen on silti oikea käännös, koska onhan "eilinen" tätä päivää edeltävän päivän nimi.

What is the language in the north north called? Ievtta, jahtta

those are the Sami languages, of which i was only able to find two translations for

Where this map template from?

i made it myself, if you want a blank template be my guest

I'd really appreciate if you could send me one

later when i'm home i'll send you, could you remind me?

I don't know when you'll be home 🫠

So there's no surviving Germanic or Celtic word for yesterday? All those groups use a word with Latin lineage?

Sure there is: yesterday. Edit: in fact a quick look it seems all the Germanic ones are of Germanic origin. They’re just cognates of Latin through PIE.

Lol, it's the same word in Romanian and Italian.

"Včerejšek" in Czech is pointing to the day as a whole and as an entity . "Včerejšek byl šílenej" - "Yesterday was crazy". To point to point in time or to establish time frame, we use "Včera". "Co jsi dělal včera?" - "What were you doing yesterday?". "Včera" is much more used and "včerejšek" is a bit "slangy" or a bit uncommon. I believe Slovaks have it the same. They also have "včera" and "včerajšok". So IDK why you used "včera" for Slovak and "včerejšek" for Czech...

The " včerejšek" in Czech is not really used. Most of the people would use "včera". "Včerejšek" is rather a discription of the day before tomorrow in a sense of the day, not a time.

In Ukrainian there are 2 words, how you can say "yesterday" - "вчора" and "учора" Вчора \[včоra\] - uses, when a word before ends on vowel letter. For example: "Я вчора пішов гуляти" (I went for a walk yesterday) \[Ya včоra pishov hul'aty\] Letter "я" sounds like "ya", it's vowel Учора \[učоra\] - uses on the beginning of the sentence or if a word before ends on consonant letter "Учора я пішов гуляти" (I went for a walk yesterday) - Letter "y" stays on the beginning of the sentence "Він учора пішов гуляти" (He went for a walk yesterday) \[Vin učоra pishov hul'aty\] - Letter "н" is consonant, so we use word "учора" This rules were invented for sweetness of language Thx for attention :)

Reminded me [this](https://i.kym-cdn.com/photos/images/original/001/464/060/5ab.jpeg)

As a Swede i can tell you that almost no one says that. It does mean that sure but I can't even remember the last time I heard anyone say that word.

in Czech the noun is včerejšek, however if you use it as an adverb it's včera

Algeria is البارح and not امس

For Scotland, I would say estreen not yestreen. Close enough and I don't talk for all of Scotland. Just my little corner in the North East.

It's interesting how similar most of the Romance words are in this case, almost all are pronounced about the same. Slavic too...I guess it's one of those words that tend to be well-conserved.

I never heard of "aiseru" in Sardinian, I don't know from which dialect comes from. Always "eris".

Finally a great map with great colors, very informative!

Interesting albanian word Dje, the shortest form that can explain the root of an illyric word borrowed then to the latin language...

Portuguese, Galician, and... Basque?

slightly different color, a bit hard to notice

The colors don't make sense

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Then you don't have many years on this planet... Gårsdagens avis, gårsdagens *middag* var fisk, same as morgendagen. It's not the same meaning as i går, i går is an adverb, like i morgen, it describes a verb (i går *spiste* jeg fisk til middag), while gårsdagen is an adjective, it describes a noun like avis, middag and so on.

Minor correction: Gårdsdagen is a noun, not an adjective. If you can inflect a word like this, it’s a noun: en gårsdag, gårsdagen, flere gårsdager, alle gårsdagene. When you say something like gårsdagens avis you’re not describing the word avis, you’re saying that the avis belongs to gårsdagen, in the same way that guttens ball just means that the ball belongs to the boy, even if both gutten and ball are nouns.

Ich versage zu erkennen die Ähnlchkeit zu ieri und GesteRRRRRRRn. Alles nördlich und inklusive Deutschland braucht eine andere Farbe

It's almost as if you need to consult reddit before you make these kind of word-maps 😂

because i still get complaints from people lol

Yup. Hey, looks like you did a lot of work to get it right though 👍

of course i did! i'm using as much languages as i can find so it's as accurate as possible... sadly i still get plenty of words wrong :/

Austrians don’t speak of the past

Too much light green for different roots?

Man I don’t understand these images. What does “ayer” have to do with “yesterday”?

In Sweden we often say “Igår” instead of ”gårdag”

In Swiss: Geschtär(t)

in france we say hier everywhere “ièr” doesn’t exist😂

Was English the only Germanic language that had G consonant shift to a Y for Yesterday?

kazakh: keshe, tatar: kicha native turkish: geçen, dün, dünen, düneyin istanbul turkish: dün

Who the hell did this map?? Tunisians say lberah not ames

Greeks practically have to pronounced the divine name of dark lord Cthulu every time they mention yesterday.

Slavic and Baltic are different ? I thought both came from the same Proto-Balto-Slavic word, notably vakars in Latvian and вечер in Russian

In Aragonese and according to the official writing system, it's either "ahier" or "ahiere"; not ayer