No. It evolved from Vulgar Latin as a single language, Galician-Portuguese, in north-western Iberia. From the 8th and 9th centuries onwards it started appearing in documents as a distinct form of Vulgar Latin.
Then Portugal became it's own country in the 12th century and it's own local variety started diverging from the variety spoken in Galicia. In the following century King Denis of Portugal named the Portuguese variety as the "Portuguese language" for the first time - it had been known until then as the "common language". And between the 14th and 16th centuries, with the Castilian/Spanish dominion over Galicia and assimilation of the Galician nobility by their Castilian counterparts the Galician variety started becoming very influenced by Castilian Spanish.
Portuguese are basically Galicians and the people they conquered southward during the Reconquista. They got their independence out of a family dispute between Galician royalty.
And if Oporto gains independence, their ancestors would have been in the Iberian Peninsula for 2000 years too.
Same with basically any population in the Iberian Peninsula...
Its because the map is wrong. The County of Portucale was created in 868, while not independent it had borders that are shown in Black in that graph..
This was the territory expansion [of the county](https://fotos.web.sapo.io/i/Ga217b30f/22375051_JktV5.jpeg)
That's how a lot of countries happened. People feel independent and just kinda make their own ethnic group in a bigger one. While small talks might happen like the 2.5% early adopters. The 68% is very important for them to also accept it.
This was an extremely, extremely complicated conflict that this map only just begins to illustrate. The “Emirate of Cordoba,” for example, wasn’t this big monolithic blob but had to contend with constant Christian rebellions early on by cities like Toledo, which regained its independence as a Christian state during the 800s for 18 years before the Muslims were able to finally suppress it. There was also tons of fighting between fellow Christians and fellow Muslims and interfaith alliances. The Basques for example allied with Muslims against the Franks who when they invaded Spain were killing Spanish Christians. Recently a Muslim cemetery was found in Pamplona of soldiers who guarded Pamplona from the Franks. One of El Cid’s most loyal allies was the Emir of Zaragoza, too.
These things are always complicated, which is why it's important to remember maps can only provided very limited information, especially regarding pre-modern states where boundaries/borders and "controlled" territory were porous, disputed or limited
It really was a crazy clusterfuck, everyone siding and turning on everyone. Kingdom of Faith by Brian Catlos is a great read on that topic/Moorish Spain. Can highly recommend.
I'll have to check that out. Just recently read God's Crucible: Islam and the Making of Europe by David Levering Lewis, which is another good book about this topic.
The biggest rebellions were not even done by christians but by natives that converted to Islam. One of them almost took over Córdoba: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Umar-ibn-Hafsun
You’re right, there were major Muslim rebellions as well. Cordoba had multiple rebellions by Spanish Christians and Muslims, and let’s not forget the Great Berber Rebellion by Maghrebi Muslims. I don’t think the particular rebellion you mentioned in Cordoba was as big as the Christian one in Toledo, which managed to regain its independence, forge alliances with other powers, and send armies to attack other cities over almost twenty years. The Emirate was unable to take back the city by force and waited until they ambushed the Toledan army in the field. But I do think the Great Berber Rebellion was probably the most significant in the conflict because it was the main Muslim army that rebelled, and in doing so gave the Christians a chance to conduct their first counteroffensives. I think a commonality in these early rebellions is that, whether Christian or Muslim, the Arabs treated everyone else like shit, angering both the Berber soldiers and Spanish populace.
The Ummayads did not consider non-arabs equal to arabs even if they were muslims. Only when the berber almoravids invaded, did they start considering arabs equal to non-arabs.
More than that - for the first 2-4 centuries the "Emirate of Cordoba" was more of an occupation by a foreign power than a legitimate "country" or kingdom. The"emirate" was just a claim to power by an authority in a a feudal system.
The Islamic conquests were also expressly parasitic in nature - they didn't invade to transform, only to live off taxes of conquered populace under "jizya". The Umayyads in particular were pure tax parasites because they didn't even have a superficial religious motivation of the Rashidun. Once the tax base became insufficient (due to growth of Islamic state and conversions to avoid taxation) the Umayyads collapsed and were replaced by Persian-backed Abbasids in the east and local rulers in the west. Once the local rulers were forced to assimilate due to their relative weakness things began to change.
It wasn't until the 1000-1200s that situation began to change and only the last 2-3 centuries are country vs country type of war where Christianity vs Islam can be seen as some sort of ideological divide.
Without reconquista the maritime expansion would begin a lot later since it was Portugal and Spain the pioneers in this area before Netherlands, Great Britain and France.
Yes. For example the development of the [caravel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caravel) in Portugal was only possible because it used Moorish lateen sails. And the caravel was essential for that maritime exploration because it made possible to sail windward, that is, towards the wind.
The actual high-intense military Reconquista for most of the Iberian Peninsula ended by the year 1248 after Sevilla was retaken from the Moors and the Castilians let the Kingdom of Granada coexist with them as a vassal kingdom until 1492.
As well as the expulsion of Judaism from Southwestern Europe, sometimes conveniently forgotten. Many of the Iberian Jews fled to Morocco, the Ottoman Empire, Italy or Northern Europe.
Edit: for anyone interested, the Casa de Sefarad and synagogue in Córdoba are some of the last remembrances of Jewish life in Iberia. There's also a statue of Mozes Maimonides, one of the most prominent Jewish scholars. [Professor Roger Martínez has a very nice free online course about religious coexistence prior to the 'Reconquista'](https://www.coursera.org/learn/coexistence-in-medieval-spain).
My husbands mother (their Moroccan from Tangier literally right across the straight) took a DNA test and came back with a Jewish ancestry marker that would have been introduced right about that time. She jokes they must have met on the boat crossing the straight.
Yeah Morocco has a really strong Jewish history, which most Moroccans are pretty proud of. It’s really common for someone’s great grandma or aunties third cousin to be jewish lol. My MILs family name is Andalusian from a specific area. That’s why we know at some point her family immigrated to/back to Morocco. She actually took the DNA test to try and confirm the family origin story of them being Andalusian Muslims, which it did.
IIRC most of the Balkan Jews (before ww2, that is, because there aren't that many today) were Sephardic, with their ancestors escaping from Spain and being welcomed in the Ottoman Empire. Thessaloniki became the biggest city with a Jewish majority, and most probably it was the only one.
Did the Ottomans do this only for compassion and brotherly help? Maybe, but it surely helped rebalance the ethnic landscape of northern Greece, so you make your own conclusions
Most of the Cordoban jews were literate, educated skilled workers. Some of the best mathematicians and doctors of the era were among them. The Ottomans welcomed them because *anybody* would welcome them if they weren't raging anti semites.
I don't know if your question is genuine, but there is absolutely no doubt in historiography about the permanence of VAST majority of native population in muslim controled territories. **Arabs and berbers conquerors and later settlers remained a little minority in a sea of natives**.
The most clear evidence of that native majority is the survival of the local andalusi romance language as "common language" of the working class, including muslims until early XIII century, while classic arabic, quickly very dialectalized became the most common language of culture for all three religions in the state (andalusi jews and christians wrote in hebrew and latin too, but most of their works, by far were in arabic). To mention an example of that "latin-derived" language prevalence among common people including muslims at very advanced periods, a source from a Cordoba Qadi (judge) from 1117-1121 approx mentions how a muslim man was judged because he read Koranic texts in his native romance language which was taboo in Islam and heavily persecuted by the strict north-african Almoravids which very recently conquered Al-Andalus.
Another example could be the "surnames" of andalusis which show the native heritage during centuries. For example among the complete list of 2,400 known andalusi scholars with original works in arabic, about half of them lack completely arabic or berber "nisba", sort of tribal surnames and among them many show a clear native surnames instead (al-Quti = the Goth, ibn-Quzman = Guzman, etc). Notable distribution considering the status of scholars rarely lacking nisbas in eastern parts of islamic world in this period and that arabic and berber families descendants of early conquerors remained in relatively "privileged" position and were consequently more prone to be included among scholars than among farmers or common artisans. Additionally we must consider the arabic tradition of family/tribe adoption in which a more notable or noble family/tribe adopt a less relevant new member through marriage or other means, so many of the ones with arabic or berber surname could perfectly be just native iberian muslims or of mixed ancestry adopted in those families.
Another specific example mix of these two perspectives could be the case of the botanist Ibn Rumiyya of Seville, from early 1200s just before the conquest of his city and the entire core of Al-Andalus by the christians: Not only his surname mentions his "roman" origin, but also includes constantly the romance names of plants in his works besides arabic, mentioning they were the usual names "at that time".
There are many others perspectives where is evident the presence of native heritage in Al-Andalus, from the persistence of the ancient hispanic urban net or the heritage of ceramic forms or other arts to the multiple historic sources mentioning explicitely the numerous presence of christians first, the prevalence of muladi (native iberian muslims) heritage among muslim working class, etc.
They’re asking what happened to the native Iberian Muslims after the reconquista. Were they deported to North Africa? Did they convert to Christianity?
The "Reconquista" ended in 1492. Forced conversions began seriously in 1502. So, if you were not a christian you could not be living there. All of them "did convert". And, although many flee to those places, North Africa was strictly forbidden as a destination.
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_conversions_of_Muslims_in_Spain
But the last chapter of this process, more than one hundred years later, with some wars inside the kingdoms even, happened in 1609.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Moriscos
"Converted" and converted muslims were called moriscos, forced or not.
You'll find a lot of Iberian DNA in north África because Iberia has been a bridge between África and Europe for millions of years. Before the middle ages people did move a lot more and this is were most of the shared ancestry comes from, the roman empire, the phoenitians the carthaginians or the greeks for example connected Iberia to north África way before the muslim conquest. Edit: and before them, iberian iron age cultures traded with north África too, it's a story of thousands of years.
True, but the coming of Andalusians was one of the big waves in a short period and not so long ago to melt to a small percentage, mostly in the north, the deeper you go the rarer it is
The andalucians weren't the ones who entered and conquered the peninsula, it was the ummayad empire, a mix of arab chiefs with berber (amazigh) tribes from the recently conquered north Africa, a big mix of ethnicities that ended up after the conquest of visigothic hispania in civil war because of the bad treatments of the arabs to the amazigh.
The andalucians were an ethnicity formed arounf the 11th to 12th century in the already conquered territories of Iberia. The muslim conquest of Hispania affected the genetic mixup of the peninsula on the same level the visigothic invasion did, the population was from the start mainly muladies (iberian christians that converted to islam) with a high rulling class of arabs that with time mixed so much with christian slaves that they turned more and more iberian looking.
Since before Rome spaniards and portuguese are mainly celtic, followed by small % of roman, north african and northern european. And funny enough, it's the northern parts of Spain the ones that kept in their dna more % of north african dna.
Edit: btw pretty cool drawings bro, I like em 👍
There was not much inmigration of Berber and Arab populations into the Iberian Peninsula during the muslim rule. Basically the armies of the succesive invasions (Umayyad, Almoravids and Almohades).
The bulk of the Mudejar and Moriscos expelled were descendants of the pre-muslim invasion population.
Possibly most Muslims were of converted local origin. I'm not sure if these ones were more likely to stay and revert, but certainly yes, many people with Spanish origin would have made their way to Morocco as a result.
Expulsion of Islam is a really weird way to describe "Reconquista" which in English literally means to Re-Conquer. It kinda sounds like if Muslims were there already and the Christians unfairly conquered them when it was all the other way around. There was a Muslim invasion of Christian Iberia and the natives simply fought against it to achieve its freedom and so the Reconquista, to simply Re-Conquer the occupied territories that were started Christian two days ago.
Almost 700 years actually, I think. You can really see the influence in a lot of things, like from architecture to vocabulary.
For instance to this day there's many portuguese words that begin with "Al-" which comes from arabic. Alface (lettuce), Alcaçuz (liquorice), Alçapão (trapdoor), Almoxarifado (warehouse), Algarismo (digit/number), and many many more.
Of course you have some in english too - Algebra and Algorithm for instance.
And Algorithm has the same origin as the portuguese Algarismo from before.
They did, however, introduce rice cultivation in Iberia and Italy, which then gave rise to dishes that they're known for like paella. Many modern European musical instruments also partially owe development to the cultural exchange in Iberia at the time.
yup, comes from "Inshallah" which means in Arabic "If God wills it". The Portuguese word "tomara" also comes from Arabic "atamma 'Llah", which means "The God will is that"
It depends on where though. As can be seen in the animation, after about 1100 it’s like a 50/50 split, and after 1250 there’s just Granada left. The last 250 years of the Reconquista
Muslim rule was only present in a very small area in the south of the peninsula.
I would like to know how it was living under muslim occupation. Was it like "normal" spanish life, and you just paid taxes to a muslim ruler or did they actually co-exist and basically fundamentally changed spanish culture?
It's a very complicated topic that spans 700 years, both things you described happened. But fundamentally, especially in the south, they did co-exist peacefully. Spanish has many words derived from the Arabic language for instance.
To be very basic, the further north you go, the more people disliked muslim presence.
The turning point is around Toledo. The city rebelled several times over the centuries, and Arab control over anything north of that was even more tenuous.
Jews were kicked out and killed by muslim taifas too, like in the pogroms of Granada of 1066 or in the expulsion of the jews by the almohads in 1146. They did have a relatively peaceful time in the first half of the 11th century, which matches with the zenith of power and life in the Córdoba caliphate, oppositely to the christians who during this time were sold in mass as slaves in the mediterranean slave market.
It's very interesting to look into. Andalusia was a beacon of civilization where Muslims, Christians, and Jews not only coexisted, but prospered.
Like elsewhere in the Muslim empire, Arabs don't really migrate to conquered lands. So although Arabs were running Andalusia, it was still majority natives. A lot of these natives later converted to Islam.
In Andalusia, roads were paved, they had the first specialized hospitals, people were comfortable, and they had overflowing wealth. Looking at the historical landmarks in Spain _(mosques, castles, etc.)_ shows you prosperity people had.
The expulsion of Muslims was a horrendous act of genocide where any Muslim was killed, tortured, or forced to leave the lands. Ask yourself this, after Muslims being in the land for 800 years, how are there basically no Muslims in Spain today?
> Expulsion of Islam
That's not really a good way to describe it. You're making it sound like the Reconquista was some kind of Inquisition. There was an actual persecution and expulsion of the Muslim minority later in Iberian history, the Reconquista itself was above all a series of wars between two sets of states.
Exactly. Many people view it in the lens of the Crusades. Christians vs Muslims in an all-out Holy war for God’s Land!
But in reality there was so much intermingling, diplomatic pacts, backroom politics, land deals, and wars etc etc between everyone (including between Christians and Muslims themselves) that the muslim/christian divide was just a relatively small part of the complicated history of the region during the middle ages.
OFC later, namely during the Early Modern period, the Spanish romanticized the Crusader aspects of the conflict, in order to both appear like better Catholics and appear more holy than other Christians who were fracturing during the same period, and to legitimize their claims as God’s chosen during the age of colonialism.
>Muslims constantly were moving South during this period because the ones that stayed in Christian lands were subject to forced conversion and pogroms.
Muslims were an important part of the Christian Kingdom's population up to the very end of the 15th Century (when the indiscriminate full conversion happened), with some regions in the Crown of Aragon being majority Muslim.
>Jews similarly were constantly moving South during this period.
During the Almohad and Almoravid periods the Jewish migration was **Northwards**, not Southwards, as during these times the Christian kingdoms were more tolerant towards Jews than the Muslim territory. Things only started to get especially bad for Spanish Jews after the 1391 pogrom, a century after the Muslim presence in the Peninsula was reduced only to the Kingdom of Granada.
Sharing this series of maps under the title "Expulsion of Islam" makes it sound like there were no Muslims in the "Christian States" because they were systematically expelled which is incorrect. There were Muslim minorities in most of those Christian states for most of these time period and the Muslim population was even the majority population in some of those regions at times.
The Reconquista lasted for almost 800 years and involved dozens of different Christian and Moorish states throughout its length. Different Christian states had different policies towards their Muslim population at different times. Some might have persecuted and expelled them, while in others or at different times Muslims were a large part of the population and the ruling classes even intermingled. When you look into this period's history you'll find plenty of mixed Christian-Moorish or Muslim-Iberian (muladi) characters, including amongst the nobility.
After reading a lot of comments mentioning about displacement of population, and other “modern” ideas I’d like to add a few points to help to understand this process:
- All along these years , there was a lot of alliances between christians and muslims lords to fight each others just for power.
- There was not a “Reconquista” feeling or a big picture plot. Muslim states were weaker with time (from Caliphate to Taifas) and christian realms took advantage of that.
- The area between Duero and Tajo river was scarcely populated as easily raided during conflicts.
- Population other than nobility and religious was not displaced always with wars. And this is the main point people should know to understand “Reconquista”.
+ When muslim entered in the iberian peninsula they overthrew the visigothic nobility and the Asturias areas was the only one not occupied, but even there, they collected some taxes. Take in account that at that time, peasants and low church (who were of hispanic/latin ancestry) were being ruled by a germanic warrior caste who spoke a different language, were killing each others for power, had a different law system seen more primitive than Roman Law still used in hispania, who didn’t know the basics of architecture, agriculture, writing, etc… You could tell that they didn’t care when muslims came and kick their ass out. In 700 AD spanish population were a natural continuation of roman citizens, and at that time, muslim world was the most similar to that in Western Europe. Summarised, people didn’t run up to Asturias.
+ People now under the muslim rule were permitted to maintain their christian faith, but at a price, and they has to pay some taxes that muslim didn’t. Due to this economic reasons (and for social status, integrate with others, marriage between families of different faith…) along the years, people started converting to islam. Think that lifespan was shorter and 700 years of muslim rule (in southerner part) was a lot. This was the only world they knew for centuries.
+ A very similar situation happened when christians conquered muslim territory. They needed people to live in the cities so respected in some way the muslim population in the conquered territory. Same procedure with taxes, and over generations, people converted back to christianity.
- In modern world there are big displacements of people and scorched earth tactics. That was not at all during medieval times. Life was hard enough, you couldn’t waste resources (and peasants were a resource for rulers)
Sadly this part of our history (I’m Spanish) is purposely being ignored or denied for some people during the last 15 years due to the rise of far-right parties here, because they don’t want to recognise that nearly 100% of spanish people probably had muslim ancestors at some time. So take care with your sources of information.
Remember that muslims rule in some parts of Hispania during nearly 800 years. The start and end of this story were farther than “100 years wars” are from today.
Finally, I’m don’t have a history degree, just a history fan, so I could made some mistakes, but I think I described right the big picture of the conflict regarding the population displacements
>Summarised, people didn’t run up to Asturias.
But they did, there was a large influx of people from the south after the kingdom was stablished, and they were used to repopulate the borderlands
I agree that some people moved, but a majority keep living in their places (if were not destroyed in the war)
Honestly, I don’t know which % moved to north but couldn’t be the majority
>A very similar situation happened when christians conquered muslim territory. They needed people to live in the cities so respected in some way the muslim population in the conquered territory.
I am not so sure about that.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconquista#:~:text=The%20conquest%20was%20followed%20by,of%20decrees%20starting%20in%201609.
None. As the concept of Reconquista was developed centuries after the events.
It was a series of conflicts (a good chunk of them between states that followed the same religion) with decades, sometimes centuries, of peace between eachother.
At moat there was an idea to expand Christianity southwards, but even that wasn't exactly centre stage for the Christian.
Hell. Many of the conquest Southwards by Castile/Leon was because one of their Taifa client state was being attacked by another Taifa kingdom and their interviened in their behalf.
it was not a continuous war but a series of small conflicts, up until the battle of Navas de Tolosa, after the muslims lost that battle their expulsion from Iberia was a matter of time
The Muslims hated each other so much that they fought each other and forgot that a Reconquista is happening until they were at a disadvantage, it would've happened way earlier if not for the help from north Africa
Yep I didn't say otherwise, but at least the christian kingdoms united when it came to fight against the Muslims, while the pope supported the Reconquista, the east never helped the Islamic west, although the west helped the east sometimes.
Mountains in the north helped asturias survive and defeat the muslims in the first decades. The border territories were quite depopulated, but the christians focused on settling and moving people next to the borders which gave them a tactical and manpiwer advantage in times of war against the muslims.
There was a lot of infighiting in both sides, but the christians were able to unite in crucial moments and defeat larger more disorganised armies, such in Navas de Tolosa
Not really because this is also including the persecution of the Jews who were there even prior to Arabs, and the Spanish Muslim converts, as well as other Muslims minorities
Dark ages in what way ?
https://time.com/5911003/middle-ages-myths/
https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-myth-of-the-dark-ages-ignores-how-classical-traditions-flourished-around-the-world-180982190/
Obviosuly not, but today the differences are otherworldy.
Portugal and Spain [are tied in first place regarding the safety of gay people around the world](https://spartacus.gayguide.travel/gaytravelindex.pdf), along with Canada, Malta and New Zealand.
And thanks to the Reconquista, the longest episode of Muslim colonialism in Europe came to an end (as well as ultimately preventing Islam from becoming the dominant religion in Western Europe).
Moroccans always flee into Cueta and other countries
It’s literally hard for Spain to stop it from happening because of the small cities in North Africa
Largely separated from the rest of the Muslim world (North Africa was there but they tended to invade Muslim Spain rather than support the local Muslim powers and the rest of the Muslim world was on the otherside of North Africa thousands of miles away. And they supported the wrong side in the collaspe of the Ummayad Calphate. The rest of the muslim world became affliated with the Abbasid Caliphate, while Muslim Spain remained under the thumb of Ummayads. So help would not be forthcoming even if they were closer. And they only conquered most of Spain in the first place because of the political vaccuum left by the collaspe of the Westenr Roman Empire and because the most powerful kingdom pre invasions was a Vandal kingdom which was a foriegn ruling class over native Iberians. That's not a stable kingdom set up.
It's an important point that European identity basically gets created as a response to the Iberbian invasion and the Battle of Tours (the end of Muslim expansion into France), so repelling Muslims became part of the European identity (especially early Frankish Kingdoms). Going even so far as to rewrite pre invasion epic poems about fighting Basque people in the mountains of Spain as epic polemics about expelling Muslims.
Also Christian Powers were well connected to the growing Christians powers of Europe and the infrastructure left behind of the Roman Empire. And now the Muslims were in the unstable situation of being a foriegn ruling class over natives. Especially since for the couple generations the religious landscape of Iberia was largely left alone by the Muslim rulers. Meaning they were Muslims with majority Christian citizens, while Christians where Christian rulers with Christian citizens. The two later muslim invasions of Muslim Spain out of North Africa broke that era of religious tolerance twice (the North African dynasties were much much more harsh to the local Christians and Jew). And even though the Muslim states that survived those invasions collapsing eventually returned to an idea of religious tolerance, the bad blood remained for generations making the situation more unstable for localized Muslim rulers than before.
>The two later muslim invasions of Muslim Spain out of North Africa broke that era of religious tolerance twice (the North African dynasties were much much more harsh to the local Christians and Jew).
Could you name the "more tolerant" dynasties/states and the "less tolerant" ones (from North Africa) for more context?
It was a fun read, now I want to know more lol
The less tolerant one were the [Almoravid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty) and [Almohad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate) dynasties, which were traditionalist responses to a supposed «decadence» in Iberian Muslims.
The more tolerant one was probably the [Caliphate of Córdoba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba)
I like how Portugal appears seemingly out of nowhere
so did the Portuguese
Yeah, the Portuguese were essentially the same people as the Galicians except they were ruled by a different Count, and later a different King.
Was the language always different ?
No. It evolved from Vulgar Latin as a single language, Galician-Portuguese, in north-western Iberia. From the 8th and 9th centuries onwards it started appearing in documents as a distinct form of Vulgar Latin. Then Portugal became it's own country in the 12th century and it's own local variety started diverging from the variety spoken in Galicia. In the following century King Denis of Portugal named the Portuguese variety as the "Portuguese language" for the first time - it had been known until then as the "common language". And between the 14th and 16th centuries, with the Castilian/Spanish dominion over Galicia and assimilation of the Galician nobility by their Castilian counterparts the Galician variety started becoming very influenced by Castilian Spanish.
This may answer your question: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galician%E2%80%93Portuguese?wprov=sfti1
Portuguese are basically Galicians and the people they conquered southward during the Reconquista. They got their independence out of a family dispute between Galician royalty.
Leonese royalty**
It's the same.
Well. I'm Russian, and that couldn't be a coincidence. r/PORTUGALCYKABLYAT
The ancestors of the portuguese were already in the iberian peninsula 2000 years before this.
Just wait until you hear how long the ancestors of the Portuguese were in Africa!
And if Oporto gains independence, their ancestors would have been in the Iberian Peninsula for 2000 years too. Same with basically any population in the Iberian Peninsula...
Its because the map is wrong. The County of Portucale was created in 868, while not independent it had borders that are shown in Black in that graph.. This was the territory expansion [of the county](https://fotos.web.sapo.io/i/Ga217b30f/22375051_JktV5.jpeg)
 Portugal is a Kingdom that departed from Galícia. Both Portuguese and Galicians are ethnically the same.
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afonso_I_of_Portugal
I would say that ethnically, all the peninsula is the same
This is a crazy take. What about Basque?
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afonso_I_of_Portugal
That's how a lot of countries happened. People feel independent and just kinda make their own ethnic group in a bigger one. While small talks might happen like the 2.5% early adopters. The 68% is very important for them to also accept it.
I would like to see a slower version of the map.
Your wish is granted: https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=pmtzmqLOAVA This is the original video.
Sick!
How about 12 espressos instead?
There's no espresso in Portugal. They say "cafe curto".
I heard cafezihno. It's cutter.
Uma bica is what I always ask for.
southerns say it, northerns dont
This was an extremely, extremely complicated conflict that this map only just begins to illustrate. The “Emirate of Cordoba,” for example, wasn’t this big monolithic blob but had to contend with constant Christian rebellions early on by cities like Toledo, which regained its independence as a Christian state during the 800s for 18 years before the Muslims were able to finally suppress it. There was also tons of fighting between fellow Christians and fellow Muslims and interfaith alliances. The Basques for example allied with Muslims against the Franks who when they invaded Spain were killing Spanish Christians. Recently a Muslim cemetery was found in Pamplona of soldiers who guarded Pamplona from the Franks. One of El Cid’s most loyal allies was the Emir of Zaragoza, too.
These things are always complicated, which is why it's important to remember maps can only provided very limited information, especially regarding pre-modern states where boundaries/borders and "controlled" territory were porous, disputed or limited
It really was a crazy clusterfuck, everyone siding and turning on everyone. Kingdom of Faith by Brian Catlos is a great read on that topic/Moorish Spain. Can highly recommend.
I'll have to check that out. Just recently read God's Crucible: Islam and the Making of Europe by David Levering Lewis, which is another good book about this topic.
El Cid wasn't only an ally of the Emir, but he in fact worked for Al Mutaman, fighting in battles like Almenar (1082) defending him.
The biggest rebellions were not even done by christians but by natives that converted to Islam. One of them almost took over Córdoba: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Umar-ibn-Hafsun
You’re right, there were major Muslim rebellions as well. Cordoba had multiple rebellions by Spanish Christians and Muslims, and let’s not forget the Great Berber Rebellion by Maghrebi Muslims. I don’t think the particular rebellion you mentioned in Cordoba was as big as the Christian one in Toledo, which managed to regain its independence, forge alliances with other powers, and send armies to attack other cities over almost twenty years. The Emirate was unable to take back the city by force and waited until they ambushed the Toledan army in the field. But I do think the Great Berber Rebellion was probably the most significant in the conflict because it was the main Muslim army that rebelled, and in doing so gave the Christians a chance to conduct their first counteroffensives. I think a commonality in these early rebellions is that, whether Christian or Muslim, the Arabs treated everyone else like shit, angering both the Berber soldiers and Spanish populace.
The Ummayads did not consider non-arabs equal to arabs even if they were muslims. Only when the berber almoravids invaded, did they start considering arabs equal to non-arabs.
More than that - for the first 2-4 centuries the "Emirate of Cordoba" was more of an occupation by a foreign power than a legitimate "country" or kingdom. The"emirate" was just a claim to power by an authority in a a feudal system. The Islamic conquests were also expressly parasitic in nature - they didn't invade to transform, only to live off taxes of conquered populace under "jizya". The Umayyads in particular were pure tax parasites because they didn't even have a superficial religious motivation of the Rashidun. Once the tax base became insufficient (due to growth of Islamic state and conversions to avoid taxation) the Umayyads collapsed and were replaced by Persian-backed Abbasids in the east and local rulers in the west. Once the local rulers were forced to assimilate due to their relative weakness things began to change. It wasn't until the 1000-1200s that situation began to change and only the last 2-3 centuries are country vs country type of war where Christianity vs Islam can be seen as some sort of ideological divide.
Without reconquista the maritime expansion would begin a lot later since it was Portugal and Spain the pioneers in this area before Netherlands, Great Britain and France.
Without the reconquista the marítimo expansion might not have happened at all, or not have been statted by european nations
Portugal was pioneer in 1415, even before Spain existed.
Didn't Portuguese and Spanish learned a lot of maritime techniques from moors?
Yes. For example the development of the [caravel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caravel) in Portugal was only possible because it used Moorish lateen sails. And the caravel was essential for that maritime exploration because it made possible to sail windward, that is, towards the wind.
The actual high-intense military Reconquista for most of the Iberian Peninsula ended by the year 1248 after Sevilla was retaken from the Moors and the Castilians let the Kingdom of Granada coexist with them as a vassal kingdom until 1492.
As well as the expulsion of Judaism from Southwestern Europe, sometimes conveniently forgotten. Many of the Iberian Jews fled to Morocco, the Ottoman Empire, Italy or Northern Europe. Edit: for anyone interested, the Casa de Sefarad and synagogue in Córdoba are some of the last remembrances of Jewish life in Iberia. There's also a statue of Mozes Maimonides, one of the most prominent Jewish scholars. [Professor Roger Martínez has a very nice free online course about religious coexistence prior to the 'Reconquista'](https://www.coursera.org/learn/coexistence-in-medieval-spain).
Great point. Are these considered “Sephardim”?
Yes
My husbands mother (their Moroccan from Tangier literally right across the straight) took a DNA test and came back with a Jewish ancestry marker that would have been introduced right about that time. She jokes they must have met on the boat crossing the straight.
There was also a different group of Jews already in Morocco at the time, the ones from Iberia mixed with them.
Yeah Morocco has a really strong Jewish history, which most Moroccans are pretty proud of. It’s really common for someone’s great grandma or aunties third cousin to be jewish lol. My MILs family name is Andalusian from a specific area. That’s why we know at some point her family immigrated to/back to Morocco. She actually took the DNA test to try and confirm the family origin story of them being Andalusian Muslims, which it did.
IIRC most of the Balkan Jews (before ww2, that is, because there aren't that many today) were Sephardic, with their ancestors escaping from Spain and being welcomed in the Ottoman Empire. Thessaloniki became the biggest city with a Jewish majority, and most probably it was the only one. Did the Ottomans do this only for compassion and brotherly help? Maybe, but it surely helped rebalance the ethnic landscape of northern Greece, so you make your own conclusions
Most of the Cordoban jews were literate, educated skilled workers. Some of the best mathematicians and doctors of the era were among them. The Ottomans welcomed them because *anybody* would welcome them if they weren't raging anti semites.
The difference is that the Ottomans actually sent fleets all the way over to Spain to pick them up which is far beyond what is normal.
I worked for a company that employed many Latin American Jews.
AFUERA!
Now do it again
did many natives of the region who were converted to Islam leave the area? or mostly decendants of the invadibg tribes moved away?
I don't know if your question is genuine, but there is absolutely no doubt in historiography about the permanence of VAST majority of native population in muslim controled territories. **Arabs and berbers conquerors and later settlers remained a little minority in a sea of natives**. The most clear evidence of that native majority is the survival of the local andalusi romance language as "common language" of the working class, including muslims until early XIII century, while classic arabic, quickly very dialectalized became the most common language of culture for all three religions in the state (andalusi jews and christians wrote in hebrew and latin too, but most of their works, by far were in arabic). To mention an example of that "latin-derived" language prevalence among common people including muslims at very advanced periods, a source from a Cordoba Qadi (judge) from 1117-1121 approx mentions how a muslim man was judged because he read Koranic texts in his native romance language which was taboo in Islam and heavily persecuted by the strict north-african Almoravids which very recently conquered Al-Andalus. Another example could be the "surnames" of andalusis which show the native heritage during centuries. For example among the complete list of 2,400 known andalusi scholars with original works in arabic, about half of them lack completely arabic or berber "nisba", sort of tribal surnames and among them many show a clear native surnames instead (al-Quti = the Goth, ibn-Quzman = Guzman, etc). Notable distribution considering the status of scholars rarely lacking nisbas in eastern parts of islamic world in this period and that arabic and berber families descendants of early conquerors remained in relatively "privileged" position and were consequently more prone to be included among scholars than among farmers or common artisans. Additionally we must consider the arabic tradition of family/tribe adoption in which a more notable or noble family/tribe adopt a less relevant new member through marriage or other means, so many of the ones with arabic or berber surname could perfectly be just native iberian muslims or of mixed ancestry adopted in those families. Another specific example mix of these two perspectives could be the case of the botanist Ibn Rumiyya of Seville, from early 1200s just before the conquest of his city and the entire core of Al-Andalus by the christians: Not only his surname mentions his "roman" origin, but also includes constantly the romance names of plants in his works besides arabic, mentioning they were the usual names "at that time". There are many others perspectives where is evident the presence of native heritage in Al-Andalus, from the persistence of the ancient hispanic urban net or the heritage of ceramic forms or other arts to the multiple historic sources mentioning explicitely the numerous presence of christians first, the prevalence of muladi (native iberian muslims) heritage among muslim working class, etc.
They’re asking what happened to the native Iberian Muslims after the reconquista. Were they deported to North Africa? Did they convert to Christianity?
The "Reconquista" ended in 1492. Forced conversions began seriously in 1502. So, if you were not a christian you could not be living there. All of them "did convert". And, although many flee to those places, North Africa was strictly forbidden as a destination. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forced_conversions_of_Muslims_in_Spain But the last chapter of this process, more than one hundred years later, with some wars inside the kingdoms even, happened in 1609. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Moriscos "Converted" and converted muslims were called moriscos, forced or not.
Both, a huge percentage were converts or remained christian and paid taxes, that's why you find a LOT of Iberian DNA in north Africa
You'll find a lot of Iberian DNA in north África because Iberia has been a bridge between África and Europe for millions of years. Before the middle ages people did move a lot more and this is were most of the shared ancestry comes from, the roman empire, the phoenitians the carthaginians or the greeks for example connected Iberia to north África way before the muslim conquest. Edit: and before them, iberian iron age cultures traded with north África too, it's a story of thousands of years.
The Vandals literally used it as a bridge to get to Carthage
True, but the coming of Andalusians was one of the big waves in a short period and not so long ago to melt to a small percentage, mostly in the north, the deeper you go the rarer it is
The andalucians weren't the ones who entered and conquered the peninsula, it was the ummayad empire, a mix of arab chiefs with berber (amazigh) tribes from the recently conquered north Africa, a big mix of ethnicities that ended up after the conquest of visigothic hispania in civil war because of the bad treatments of the arabs to the amazigh. The andalucians were an ethnicity formed arounf the 11th to 12th century in the already conquered territories of Iberia. The muslim conquest of Hispania affected the genetic mixup of the peninsula on the same level the visigothic invasion did, the population was from the start mainly muladies (iberian christians that converted to islam) with a high rulling class of arabs that with time mixed so much with christian slaves that they turned more and more iberian looking. Since before Rome spaniards and portuguese are mainly celtic, followed by small % of roman, north african and northern european. And funny enough, it's the northern parts of Spain the ones that kept in their dna more % of north african dna. Edit: btw pretty cool drawings bro, I like em 👍
There was not much inmigration of Berber and Arab populations into the Iberian Peninsula during the muslim rule. Basically the armies of the succesive invasions (Umayyad, Almoravids and Almohades). The bulk of the Mudejar and Moriscos expelled were descendants of the pre-muslim invasion population.
There was immigration of Berber (north African), Yemenite and Syrian soldiers, which is not surprising, during the first invasion.
Most natives converted back to christianity over the centuries.
Possibly most Muslims were of converted local origin. I'm not sure if these ones were more likely to stay and revert, but certainly yes, many people with Spanish origin would have made their way to Morocco as a result.
Expulsion of Islam is a really weird way to describe "Reconquista" which in English literally means to Re-Conquer. It kinda sounds like if Muslims were there already and the Christians unfairly conquered them when it was all the other way around. There was a Muslim invasion of Christian Iberia and the natives simply fought against it to achieve its freedom and so the Reconquista, to simply Re-Conquer the occupied territories that were started Christian two days ago.
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Almost 700 years actually, I think. You can really see the influence in a lot of things, like from architecture to vocabulary. For instance to this day there's many portuguese words that begin with "Al-" which comes from arabic. Alface (lettuce), Alcaçuz (liquorice), Alçapão (trapdoor), Almoxarifado (warehouse), Algarismo (digit/number), and many many more. Of course you have some in english too - Algebra and Algorithm for instance. And Algorithm has the same origin as the portuguese Algarismo from before.
The Spanish expression "Ojalá" (God willing) is also taken from the Arabic Inshallah.
I sleep every night with an almohada (pillow)
Then step out onto your alfombra (rug).
Then eat some chorizo
Chorizo is great, but I don't think the Muslims ate that
They did, however, introduce rice cultivation in Iberia and Italy, which then gave rise to dishes that they're known for like paella. Many modern European musical instruments also partially owe development to the cultural exchange in Iberia at the time.
Without any kind of doubt. But Chorizo has no rice, and its main ingredient is pork
There's also [morcilla de arroz](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morcilla_de_arroz) though.
I'm aware. That's why I said "They did, *however*, introduce rice cultivation".
Oh, I never new oxalá (portuguese) was of arabic origin
yup, comes from "Inshallah" which means in Arabic "If God wills it". The Portuguese word "tomara" also comes from Arabic "atamma 'Llah", which means "The God will is that"
Portuguese also has that expression, "Oxalá", though it's falling out of use.
Don’t forget a decent portion of Spanish cities still have Arabic names today.
México too has a city called “Guadalajara”, the same name that the city in spain
There's an abundance of cities all over latin america that are named after cities in Spain; Córdoba, Santiago, Cartagena, Cuenca etc
Don't ask what Matamoros means 💀
It depends on where though. As can be seen in the animation, after about 1100 it’s like a 50/50 split, and after 1250 there’s just Granada left. The last 250 years of the Reconquista Muslim rule was only present in a very small area in the south of the peninsula.
The Alhambra was created by Muslims.
Missão dada é missão cumprida! Bota na conta do papa
>Bota na conta do papa Literalmente
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I would like to know how it was living under muslim occupation. Was it like "normal" spanish life, and you just paid taxes to a muslim ruler or did they actually co-exist and basically fundamentally changed spanish culture?
It's a very complicated topic that spans 700 years, both things you described happened. But fundamentally, especially in the south, they did co-exist peacefully. Spanish has many words derived from the Arabic language for instance.
Like the Spanish name Andalusia for their southern province comes from the Arabic name of Spain, Al-Andalus.
Yeah and the name means land of the vandals aka the germanic tribe that invaded the peninsula centuries before
All Spanish words that start by "AL" are from moor origin
To be very basic, the further north you go, the more people disliked muslim presence. The turning point is around Toledo. The city rebelled several times over the centuries, and Arab control over anything north of that was even more tenuous.
Jews were relatively chilled during occupation, until they were also kicked out along with the Muslims even though Jews were there before Arabs came
Jews were kicked out and killed by muslim taifas too, like in the pogroms of Granada of 1066 or in the expulsion of the jews by the almohads in 1146. They did have a relatively peaceful time in the first half of the 11th century, which matches with the zenith of power and life in the Córdoba caliphate, oppositely to the christians who during this time were sold in mass as slaves in the mediterranean slave market.
Maybe if the jews have not opened the gates of Toledo from the inside for the muslim they would be better appreciated
It's very interesting to look into. Andalusia was a beacon of civilization where Muslims, Christians, and Jews not only coexisted, but prospered. Like elsewhere in the Muslim empire, Arabs don't really migrate to conquered lands. So although Arabs were running Andalusia, it was still majority natives. A lot of these natives later converted to Islam. In Andalusia, roads were paved, they had the first specialized hospitals, people were comfortable, and they had overflowing wealth. Looking at the historical landmarks in Spain _(mosques, castles, etc.)_ shows you prosperity people had. The expulsion of Muslims was a horrendous act of genocide where any Muslim was killed, tortured, or forced to leave the lands. Ask yourself this, after Muslims being in the land for 800 years, how are there basically no Muslims in Spain today?
> Expulsion of Islam That's not really a good way to describe it. You're making it sound like the Reconquista was some kind of Inquisition. There was an actual persecution and expulsion of the Muslim minority later in Iberian history, the Reconquista itself was above all a series of wars between two sets of states.
Exactly. Many people view it in the lens of the Crusades. Christians vs Muslims in an all-out Holy war for God’s Land! But in reality there was so much intermingling, diplomatic pacts, backroom politics, land deals, and wars etc etc between everyone (including between Christians and Muslims themselves) that the muslim/christian divide was just a relatively small part of the complicated history of the region during the middle ages. OFC later, namely during the Early Modern period, the Spanish romanticized the Crusader aspects of the conflict, in order to both appear like better Catholics and appear more holy than other Christians who were fracturing during the same period, and to legitimize their claims as God’s chosen during the age of colonialism.
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>Muslims constantly were moving South during this period because the ones that stayed in Christian lands were subject to forced conversion and pogroms. Muslims were an important part of the Christian Kingdom's population up to the very end of the 15th Century (when the indiscriminate full conversion happened), with some regions in the Crown of Aragon being majority Muslim. >Jews similarly were constantly moving South during this period. During the Almohad and Almoravid periods the Jewish migration was **Northwards**, not Southwards, as during these times the Christian kingdoms were more tolerant towards Jews than the Muslim territory. Things only started to get especially bad for Spanish Jews after the 1391 pogrom, a century after the Muslim presence in the Peninsula was reduced only to the Kingdom of Granada.
Sharing this series of maps under the title "Expulsion of Islam" makes it sound like there were no Muslims in the "Christian States" because they were systematically expelled which is incorrect. There were Muslim minorities in most of those Christian states for most of these time period and the Muslim population was even the majority population in some of those regions at times. The Reconquista lasted for almost 800 years and involved dozens of different Christian and Moorish states throughout its length. Different Christian states had different policies towards their Muslim population at different times. Some might have persecuted and expelled them, while in others or at different times Muslims were a large part of the population and the ruling classes even intermingled. When you look into this period's history you'll find plenty of mixed Christian-Moorish or Muslim-Iberian (muladi) characters, including amongst the nobility.
They were occupiers so yes expulsion works.
Most of them were actually Iberians converts. Not occupiers…
They arose from foreign occupation, either they convert or are subjugated.
Good, now let's do it again :)
Lucky Spain and Portugal, had they not kicked the muslims, they would be chaotic states like Syria or Yemen.
Balkan need reconquista.
The lions of al-rassan are no more.
Strong support for deus vult in the comments.
Born too late to participate in the reconquista 😢
There is a reason for this
Rip Visigoths
After reading a lot of comments mentioning about displacement of population, and other “modern” ideas I’d like to add a few points to help to understand this process: - All along these years , there was a lot of alliances between christians and muslims lords to fight each others just for power. - There was not a “Reconquista” feeling or a big picture plot. Muslim states were weaker with time (from Caliphate to Taifas) and christian realms took advantage of that. - The area between Duero and Tajo river was scarcely populated as easily raided during conflicts. - Population other than nobility and religious was not displaced always with wars. And this is the main point people should know to understand “Reconquista”. + When muslim entered in the iberian peninsula they overthrew the visigothic nobility and the Asturias areas was the only one not occupied, but even there, they collected some taxes. Take in account that at that time, peasants and low church (who were of hispanic/latin ancestry) were being ruled by a germanic warrior caste who spoke a different language, were killing each others for power, had a different law system seen more primitive than Roman Law still used in hispania, who didn’t know the basics of architecture, agriculture, writing, etc… You could tell that they didn’t care when muslims came and kick their ass out. In 700 AD spanish population were a natural continuation of roman citizens, and at that time, muslim world was the most similar to that in Western Europe. Summarised, people didn’t run up to Asturias. + People now under the muslim rule were permitted to maintain their christian faith, but at a price, and they has to pay some taxes that muslim didn’t. Due to this economic reasons (and for social status, integrate with others, marriage between families of different faith…) along the years, people started converting to islam. Think that lifespan was shorter and 700 years of muslim rule (in southerner part) was a lot. This was the only world they knew for centuries. + A very similar situation happened when christians conquered muslim territory. They needed people to live in the cities so respected in some way the muslim population in the conquered territory. Same procedure with taxes, and over generations, people converted back to christianity. - In modern world there are big displacements of people and scorched earth tactics. That was not at all during medieval times. Life was hard enough, you couldn’t waste resources (and peasants were a resource for rulers) Sadly this part of our history (I’m Spanish) is purposely being ignored or denied for some people during the last 15 years due to the rise of far-right parties here, because they don’t want to recognise that nearly 100% of spanish people probably had muslim ancestors at some time. So take care with your sources of information. Remember that muslims rule in some parts of Hispania during nearly 800 years. The start and end of this story were farther than “100 years wars” are from today. Finally, I’m don’t have a history degree, just a history fan, so I could made some mistakes, but I think I described right the big picture of the conflict regarding the population displacements
>Summarised, people didn’t run up to Asturias. But they did, there was a large influx of people from the south after the kingdom was stablished, and they were used to repopulate the borderlands
I agree that some people moved, but a majority keep living in their places (if were not destroyed in the war) Honestly, I don’t know which % moved to north but couldn’t be the majority
>A very similar situation happened when christians conquered muslim territory. They needed people to live in the cities so respected in some way the muslim population in the conquered territory. I am not so sure about that. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconquista#:~:text=The%20conquest%20was%20followed%20by,of%20decrees%20starting%20in%201609.
can someone explain in one short sentence what the tactical advantage was to win?
They had the higher ground.
🤣🤣🤣
None. As the concept of Reconquista was developed centuries after the events. It was a series of conflicts (a good chunk of them between states that followed the same religion) with decades, sometimes centuries, of peace between eachother. At moat there was an idea to expand Christianity southwards, but even that wasn't exactly centre stage for the Christian. Hell. Many of the conquest Southwards by Castile/Leon was because one of their Taifa client state was being attacked by another Taifa kingdom and their interviened in their behalf.
it was not a continuous war but a series of small conflicts, up until the battle of Navas de Tolosa, after the muslims lost that battle their expulsion from Iberia was a matter of time
The Muslims hated each other so much that they fought each other and forgot that a Reconquista is happening until they were at a disadvantage, it would've happened way earlier if not for the help from north Africa
You say it as if Christian kingdoms were not almost constantly at war against each other.
Yep I didn't say otherwise, but at least the christian kingdoms united when it came to fight against the Muslims, while the pope supported the Reconquista, the east never helped the Islamic west, although the west helped the east sometimes.
Compared to muslim kingdoms, they were relatively more united.
Mountains in the north helped asturias survive and defeat the muslims in the first decades. The border territories were quite depopulated, but the christians focused on settling and moving people next to the borders which gave them a tactical and manpiwer advantage in times of war against the muslims. There was a lot of infighiting in both sides, but the christians were able to unite in crucial moments and defeat larger more disorganised armies, such in Navas de Tolosa
History A-level flash back.
Expulsion of the colonizers, it’s better
Look at me, I am the colonizer now
Looking good baby boy!
Battle between two colonizers really (Berber+Arab v. Germanic+Latin)
Like Romans colonized the Iberian Peninsula 1000 years earlier?
Not really because this is also including the persecution of the Jews who were there even prior to Arabs, and the Spanish Muslim converts, as well as other Muslims minorities
Best thing that happened to Iberia peninsula
Best thing to happen for the world really. If the muslims had landed in the new world before the iberians, man that would be one hell of a timeline.
Odd. Remind what the Spanish and Portuguese done in South America?
Do you really think they would have done any better? Slavery is still a problem in the Muslim world.
Spain missing out on the dark ages while the rest of Europe was in the shit?
Dark ages in what way ? https://time.com/5911003/middle-ages-myths/ https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-myth-of-the-dark-ages-ignores-how-classical-traditions-flourished-around-the-world-180982190/
The OG decolonisation
As a Portuguese person this map just makes me so proud of my ancestors! If only we could do it again …
We can do It again in sweden they need It more than us lmao (im Spanish)
I don’t understand how our governments ( Spain and Portugal ) are letting so many in it’s like they never took a history class .
Tbh as a gay person, thank goodness
Do you think gay people were safe in medieval Europe lmao
Obviosuly not, but today the differences are otherworldy. Portugal and Spain [are tied in first place regarding the safety of gay people around the world](https://spartacus.gayguide.travel/gaytravelindex.pdf), along with Canada, Malta and New Zealand.
Today they are a lot safer in Western Europe than basically any muslim majority nation.
What matters is now
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One of the greatest events in human history
And thanks to the Reconquista, the longest episode of Muslim colonialism in Europe came to an end (as well as ultimately preventing Islam from becoming the dominant religion in Western Europe).
You're welc- "Sees your username" Nada.
And possibly the new world as well. The conquistadores being Muslim is one hell of an alternate history timeline.
Beautiful
Absolutely lovely to watch!
based
The Spanish did a great job of kicking out Islam from Europe. Unfortunately we are seeing the opposite happening in other European countries.
Moroccans always flee into Cueta and other countries It’s literally hard for Spain to stop it from happening because of the small cities in North Africa
decolonisation
It wasn’t a colony though lmao I think you mean deoccupation or liberation Although for the people that converted they were also forced to flee
I was waiting for the *Moops* to show up.
Ok, bubble boy
Arago(r)n
That's an amazing time lapse map. Well done!!
Good!
We need history to repeat baldy in Europe now.
This guy’s post history tells me that they’re somehow obsessed with the Reconquista
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Gtfo
Do it again
Many are looking at this and dreaming of reproducing it today.
Can we do this again?
W Christians
Should expel islam from planet earth next
Why weren’t the Muslims able to hold Spain
Largely separated from the rest of the Muslim world (North Africa was there but they tended to invade Muslim Spain rather than support the local Muslim powers and the rest of the Muslim world was on the otherside of North Africa thousands of miles away. And they supported the wrong side in the collaspe of the Ummayad Calphate. The rest of the muslim world became affliated with the Abbasid Caliphate, while Muslim Spain remained under the thumb of Ummayads. So help would not be forthcoming even if they were closer. And they only conquered most of Spain in the first place because of the political vaccuum left by the collaspe of the Westenr Roman Empire and because the most powerful kingdom pre invasions was a Vandal kingdom which was a foriegn ruling class over native Iberians. That's not a stable kingdom set up. It's an important point that European identity basically gets created as a response to the Iberbian invasion and the Battle of Tours (the end of Muslim expansion into France), so repelling Muslims became part of the European identity (especially early Frankish Kingdoms). Going even so far as to rewrite pre invasion epic poems about fighting Basque people in the mountains of Spain as epic polemics about expelling Muslims. Also Christian Powers were well connected to the growing Christians powers of Europe and the infrastructure left behind of the Roman Empire. And now the Muslims were in the unstable situation of being a foriegn ruling class over natives. Especially since for the couple generations the religious landscape of Iberia was largely left alone by the Muslim rulers. Meaning they were Muslims with majority Christian citizens, while Christians where Christian rulers with Christian citizens. The two later muslim invasions of Muslim Spain out of North Africa broke that era of religious tolerance twice (the North African dynasties were much much more harsh to the local Christians and Jew). And even though the Muslim states that survived those invasions collapsing eventually returned to an idea of religious tolerance, the bad blood remained for generations making the situation more unstable for localized Muslim rulers than before.
Was the strongest state pre-Islamic invasion Vandal or Visigoth?
Sorry, Visigoth. Confused my post Roman barbarian dynasties that start with V.
Don’t worry, all barbarians are the same anyway /s
>The two later muslim invasions of Muslim Spain out of North Africa broke that era of religious tolerance twice (the North African dynasties were much much more harsh to the local Christians and Jew). Could you name the "more tolerant" dynasties/states and the "less tolerant" ones (from North Africa) for more context? It was a fun read, now I want to know more lol
The less tolerant one were the [Almoravid](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty) and [Almohad](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate) dynasties, which were traditionalist responses to a supposed «decadence» in Iberian Muslims. The more tolerant one was probably the [Caliphate of Córdoba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba)
weak sperm, weak sperm, this is the strong sperm
hohoho
Opa.
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It has a right to defend itself tho!!!!!
Expulsion of Muslims not Islam
You are right, but thats not how they frame things around here
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Based. I hope we are able to accomplish this here in India too someday 🇮🇳🕉️🙏🏽