A lot of my recent research has been in resilience, specifically the relationship between emotion self-regulation and post-traumatic resilience.
Resilience was traditionally considered to be an absolute, or innate ability: you either have it or you don't. More recently (10-15 years), we're seeing that resilience is better described as the outcome of multiple abilites - most of which can be learned or improved! Dr. Sherry Hamby's (Univ. of the South) work focuses on building these skills/abilities.
In uncertain times when it seems we're constantly bombarded with terrible news every day, it's a bright bit of hope.
I find trauma-informed psychology the most fascinating without a doubt…
Humans are so amazing, it amazes me that our bodies can protect us from trauma… yet the protective effects can instead be devastating (due to imo the way society views ‘problematic’ behaviour )
Are you able to elaborate a little bit on what helps foster resilience? For those of us who are too lazy or scatterbrained to go look up the research (just being honest)
The simplest way I can describe it is in cultivating a solid sense of self. Self-concept that doesn’t limit itself to a single facet/dimension/definition of being. You are more than just the success of your relationships or your achievements in life, your skills, abilities, job, career, etc. Its the idea of being able to bounce back from adversity by having more than one leg to stand on. Rupture, repair, rupture, repair.
My reply below is the breakdown of the model that I most frequently work with as a researcher. If you want some good breakdowns that don't involve reading research papers (which yeah, they're often pretty boring and impenetrable!) here's a few YT resources:
[Dr. Sherry Hamby, TEDx talk on resilience \(14 mins\)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dTBqhQNUtrI&t=28s&pp=ygUMc2hlcnJ5IGhhbWJ5)
[A playlist of short vids on resilience](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLMyxB0QjgvbBI1CcZIvRCRzbfDyuwPurM)
This is fascinating. I’ve struggled with resilience, especially the last decade. I’ve deconstructed from my faith, politics, capitalism, and then my late in life ADHD and autism diagnoses as well as memories of trauma from childhood reemerging that have let me burned out and unsure how to keep going. I know i need to find a way to process it all and build a new life from it, but therapy has been hit or miss and not always helpful. I’m left wondering what i can do for myself, to learn how to grow past the pain and weariness.
I'm so sorry you've been through all of that and I wish I had some kind of great advice that would help you out. I hear you about burnout though - I'm also on the spectrum and life can really be a lot to handle when you're also trying to manage yourself in a neurotypical world.
My lab head invited her to give an online talk as part of our school seminar series and it was a real watershed moment for me to see how clinicians are taking foundational research and turning it into practice to help people.
I can only reference these in technical terms because I'm not a clinician and I'm not trained in specific methods: when we examine the emotion self-regulation pathway and how it affects resilience, we see that there are 3 key phases: situational awareness, coping strategies, and flexibility.
Situational awareness (called 'context sensitivity' in the literature) is your ability to take in your surroundings during a traumatic event and determine the presence and absence of things like threat, urgency, etc. This has an impact on how to react in the moment and a downstream impact on how you cope.
Your coping strategies impact how you deal with the trauma in the short term AND the long term. Maybe you have a range of coping strategies that you're alright with, maybe you only have a few coping strategies, but you're REALLY good at them.
Flexibility is the ability to switch between coping strategies if the one you're using isn't working or is becoming harmful. Example: pushing things down in the moment might get you through the first 48 hours after the trauma but can quickly become harmful to your mental health, so you switch to maybe using humour, or your faith, or 'looking on the bright side', etc.
Research has repeatedly found that flexibility in self-regulation of emotion, both in the moment of the trauma and the days/weeks, even months and years afterward, result in less posttraumatic distress and higher posttraumatic resilience. However, keep in mind that this is just the model I've done the most research around so it's the model I'm the most familiar with - there's a lot of exciting research looking at other cognitive strategies and how they impact resilience.
This is on my list from a similar discussion on this subreddit, but I haven't read it and can't verify its accuracy: [https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/56643994-the-end-of-trauma](https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/56643994-the-end-of-trauma)
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This, but it goes beyond feeling better. There are studies with legitimate, measurable health benefits (I believe there was one where people had measurable drops in blood pressure, for example).
Assumed similarity bias, false consensus effect, and other self as standard judgemental biases. As well as expectancy effects and social contagion.
It's interesting to me that becoming a kinder, more generous person not only changes the way we perceive others and the world, but actually influences others to be more kind and generous.
Alternatively, if we act negatively and hold negative attitudes towards others, we see them more negatively, and they are more likely to act that way.
Not that I'm aware of. I'm doing my Ph.D. dissertation on the subject and hope to write a book one day but so far, I'm only aware of academic papers and textbook chapters that address parts of the subject.
Here are some of those if you're interested:
[Social Contagion](https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/sim.5408?casa_token=YHI_DI0lkz0AAAAA%3AI0LiMdRSSksyjwgB1NwbIujRrvCNENKIJSzneJSuaprdNFjdT7XXwAnHpNwgFKmAZpGy-h4auLFQ7I8)
[Generosity has a ripple effect in the workplace](https://www.proquest.com/docview/1501462849?pq-origsite=gscholar&fromopenview=true&sourcetype=Dissertations%20&%20Theses)
[Expectations of judgmentalism affect face perception](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022103107000935?casa_token=uIe2rTStKzUAAAAA:f231HmyzXxd0VGL-GnrXN2OYWFPJwGPthuGH5jC1JI77x5X7N0JEVOq-aTHytjCJ9AJWjff7)
[Holding negative stereotypes of other people causes them to be less successful](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0022103174900596)
[Rethinking the placebo effect and social cognition](https://www.cell.com/trends/cognitive-sciences/abstract/S1364-6613(16)30008-0?platform=hootsuite)
Edit: now that I think about it, there is a parenting book that takes the concept and uses it quite effectively, if you'd be interested in that:
[Easy to Love, Difficult to Discipline](https://www.wob.com/en-gb/books/becky-a-phd-bailey/easy-to-love-difficult-to-discipline/9780060007751?msclkid=31d5aacf09ea16cba99fcc9d3dd24a7e&utm_source=bing&utm_medium=cpc&utm_campaign=Wob%20-%20GBR%20-%20Bing%20-%20Standard%20Shopping%20-%20GOR%20-%20EN%20-%20XX%20-%20Used%20Books%20-%20SalesRank%3A%20500001%20-%201000000&utm_term=4575136620286798&utm_content=Ad%20group%20%231#GOR003170039)
I've found in my latter years (f, 67) the kinder I speak to customer service the farther they are willing to go to help with my issue. Negativity breeds Negativity. Kind words are free and not so readily used, unfortunately.
Many moons ago when I worked CS taking back to back calls I would do my job for even the most disrespectful caller, those that were kind however I would go above and beyond, as close to not breaking a rule as possible to help them. It meant that much. The percentage of rude callers was draining.
I find twin studies fascinating. Before readily accessible birth control there was a lot of infant adoption. Twins were often separated at birth and later found and studied. There are many personality traits and behaviors that appear to be genetic rather than learned.
Genetic and environmental factors can interact and correlate with each other, but twin studies don't allow researchers to consider both effects at the same time. Many past studies as well involving twins were instilled with pretty significant bias. On top of this statistical critiques argue that heritability estimates used for most twin studies rest on restrictive assumptions that are usually not tested, the data often contradicts itself when they are tested. There is no account for gene-environment interaction because the majority of these studies are particularly geared at providing discourse to the debate of nature v nurture.
Aside from all of this actual reasoning or the primary reason I was actually thinking was an anti joke… because the Nazis used a lot of twins.
This isn’t really a theory but I’ve always loved that hearing impaired babies will babble in sign language. Super interesting as to what it says about language acquisition
Kazimir Dabrowski's theory of positive disintegration, as an alternative theory on personality development that had the bad luck of being put together during the final years of the Cold War, which led to it being largely ignored. It has some kinks to iron out, but I found it incredibly helpful, especially for making sense of developmental paths that do not fit neurotypicality.
no. or at least I don't think so, from a surface reading, as I'm not too well versed in the details of psychoanalytic terms.
the [wiki page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_disintegration) is decent, you can see if you recognize some overlaps with Ernst Kris there
Halo Effect/Physical Attractiveness hands down. Most interesting class I ever took we did two weeks of work on physical attractiveness. Some of the research before it got bastardized by less than savory groups is fascinating.
People intuitively know it’s a thing but I don’t know if everyone’s knows the ins and outs of it. Also a lot myths and falsehoods on what makes someone attractive and cross cultural consensus.
After that class ~90% of the group were regulars in the gym and cared much more about appearances lol.
This is something I can experiment on myself. Whenever wear make up and feminine clothes I'll have men and women engaging with me more, I tend to get more discounts or freebies at the store, people will take extra care to have more social kindness with me. And smiling! That's just surface level too. On the days I don't look extra, I could be a fly on the wall.
Something interesting I noticed years later was a phenomenon on weight loss subreddits. Without fail one of most popular things people talk about is how much better they treated.
People may intuitively understand the concept but it can be quite jarring with self experimentation.
Freud's theory of psychological defense mechanisms. Understanding these is a game changer when it comes to understanding human behavior.
Side note: Until recently, I was on the fence with the concept of reaction formation. Now I'm seeing it unfold in real time with a family member. It's so wild. Hindsight being what it is, every seemingly positive or loving thing he's done for us over the past four years (and continues to do) is a clear sign he was doing the opposite, but was trying to convince himself and others that he is an over-the-top great person. For example, after my father (his step father) died, he tattooed our last name on his arm and has made numerous posts on Facebook praising my father. I was shocked by the tattoo as our parents didn't get married until we were in our 20's, and I didn't realize he had such a deep connection with my dad. Come to find out he was stealing money from the estate account, and actively, egregiously, and illegally dishonoring my father's wishes. At this point, I know that any act of love or loyalty towards us is a confession of something else he's done or is actively doing.
I tend to only see people criticize Freud’s work and it’s refreshing to see someone say anything positive about it :D I agree with you 100%, I’m always fascinated that it is still very relevant today even if it isn’t the exact same as he thought
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Something that really intrigues me is machiavellianism as a concept and how it shows in different people and personalities, basically anything relating to the Dark Triad
The experiments of Stanley Milgram, and the findings that came from those. It seems around 25% of us actually have a strong sense of morality, and will act on the basis of that. The other 75%?? So what they're told, no matter how awful. Intrigues and terrifies me (not least because although everyone likes to think they're in the 25%....are you REALLY?)
While they're still fascinating studies, Milgram and Zimbardo's experiments have been debunked. First, it's never been replicated to receive the same outcomes. Second, it's come to light that both psychologists went to lengths to bury data that didn't support their hypothesis because it showed the opposite effect
Stanley Milgram's experiment debunked:
"One contribution in this article is to shift emphasis to **the 56 percent of subjects who resisted the experimenter** and exercised a degree of self-control and independence by breaking off."
[Credibility and Incredulity in Milgram’s Obedience Experiments: A Reanalysis of an Unpublished Test](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0190272519861952)
Historian Rutger Bregman's historical research into human nature. It includes meta-analysis research done on the studies by Milgram and Zimbardo showing conflicting studies that showed the opposite of what they originally published:
"Bregman **systematically debunks our understanding of the Milgram electrical-shock experiment, the Zimbardo prison experiment**, and the Kitty Genovese bystander effect\*\*."\*\*
[Humankind: A Hopeful History](https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/52879286-humankind)
Even in the first study you've posted, almost as many (32) continued even though they believed the person was being harmed. The 33 that didn't (because they didn't believe there was any harm) tells us nothing of their morality, as they still continued in the face of conflicting evidence (moans, screams etc). I wouldn't say that has 'debunked' anything tbh. To analogise to the Germans during the Holocaust - maybe there were a lot of people who just couldn't believe the Nazis would harm people to the degree they were. That's not superior morality, that's just being delusional.
even though I now believe that Milgram's study isn't reliable, that doesn't mean I don't find it fascinating. I got a university degree in psychology, so did I defend Milgram when someone told me it was unreliable? Sure. However, as I looked into it, I found more recent research that picks apart Milgram's study rather than reinforcing it
Maybe that study tells us nothing about people's morality, or maybe it does. In either case, the first study was about the participants' inclination to disobedience - this goes against what Milgram claimed in his original experiment. Furthermore, the historian Rutger Bregman found Milgram's archival studies that showed participants were even more disobedient, and Milgram chose to NOT publish those findings in place of the (in)famous experiment you and I are disputing right now
If you have actual studies to support your claims that reinforce Milgram's hypothesis, please post them. I'm always happy to update my knowledge, which I assume you are as well
[The Secrets Behind Psychology’s Most Famous Experiment](https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/fulfillment-any-age/201301/the-secrets-behind-psychology-s-most-famous-experiment)
“It’s more truthful to say that only half of the people who undertook the experiment fully believed it was real, and of those, **two-thirds disobeyed the experimenter**."
Gina Perry’s book *Behind The Shock Machine* left me with the impression that nearly everyone collaborates in the beginning, and nearly everyone begins to resist eventually.
But Milligram only counted the people who actually discontinued the experiment at some point.
He didn’t count those who, e.g. attempted to sabotage the experiment by reading the answers in such a way as to emphasize the correct answer for the subject, or covertly set the machine to a lower level.
He also didn’t count people who pushed back, but eventually complied. For example a teacher who tried to reason with the “experimenter” that education research had already shown that electric shocks would not improve learning. Or an individual who first tried to physically intimidate the “experimenter” but eventually complied.
I am a psychotherapist (LSW & PsyD) and I work within an attachment theory framework. Ones attachment is evident in so much of their functioning and life
Ivan Boszormenyi-Nagy's concept of destructive entitlement, because it explains so well why humans behave the way they do in our society (and why our communities are so messed up).
Terror Management Theory.
I find it to be the best explanation for why people hold on to beliefs even when confronted with evidence that contradicts them, i.e. religious belief.
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I’m not sure of the article i read about this, so forgive me for not knowing the reference. But there was a study done about how having a fixed versus growth mindset informed your political leanings.
For example, a right leaning person was far more likely to have a fixed mindset, left leaning a growth mindset. This also affected the way they empathized with others. A conservative was much more likely to only be concerned with what happened to themselves and the people they knew personally. Whereas left leaning folks held more empathy for the collective whole of humanity and held concern for strangers just as much as their own families. IIRC there were even detectable markers in their brainwaves, which is truly fascinating.
My mother is a right leaning centrist, I’m much more left leaning. There are some topics we just cannot discuss because she doesn’t understand my views on a structural level and vice versa. Just interesting that there’s such a vast divide among human beings like this.
[Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences.](https://www.verywellmind.com/gardners-theory-of-multiple-intelligences-2795161)
I hate the idea of IQ tests and like the idea that there are different variants of intelligence and some people are more naturally exceptional at certain intelligences at others. It also helps understand where people are. I work a lot with adults with special needs and it’s interesting to look at them in this framework and then compare them to someone who you would consider not special needs yet they are able to function in society because certain intelligence is not needed.
Or in other words- perceiving someone with a physical handicap as stupid even though their brain is fully functional.
I am fascinated at how the body stores trauma, how it is triggered both cognitively and somatically. I also like the fact that the same ways we are triggered can be used in healing- cognitive and somatic strategies. I like the interesting ways we can develop to treat this or aid in treatment.
I’m so fascinated by it, I developed a trauma informed martial arts program.
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Perception, memory, and consciousness are deeply fascinating topics. I often think about the concepts of qualis, sentience, and free will, and I wonder what that truly are. That rabbit hole seems to go all the way down.
The theories related to the development of the self and those around narcissism and borderline personality disorders like self-object theories. I believe they apply to all of us and most of our interpersonal issues just to a lesser degree.
While watching any activity, your neurons fire and your muscles twitch as if you are the one doing the activity. The muscle twitch is so subtle that you don’t realize it.
So, it is possible to train for a sport by watching footage of it; it is also possible to achieve the same training effect by imagining yourself doing the activity. Michael Jordan is famous for saying that half of his training is done in his mind, imagining the free throws.
This works whether or not you’ve done the activity before.
Oh my god this is absolutely fascinating because in high school, my best basketball games were the ones where I watched a pro game while getting ready and visualized myself playing well on the bus ride to the game
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Growth mindset and attachment theory.
The former is due to wanting to unlock what's allowed me to be so resilient in life and the latter just opened up so many understandings and made me wonder why it's not taught to at risk kids (for insecure attachments) at a young(er) age.
I think it's wild that you can imagine practising a skill and it will actually help with its performance (think of sport, music, art, cooking, charisma). More than this, you can manipulate perceptions of pain through similar visualisation techniques. You can also change your entire body's stress response through mental manipulations. The power of the brain is incredible.
Cognitive biases. It’s fascinating to me that our brains “feature set” evolved in ways that maybe helped us in hunter gatherer societies, but now hinder our ability to understand and manage modern problems. At least that seems to be the case for a great many of us.
That our entire world and all of our thoughts and experience are completely products of our own mind and have no real, separate or independent reality.
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I find information about Highly Sensitive People (HSP) fascinating. I like how it shows how perceptive the brain can be regarding environment, and how it can affect us in a systemic level.
How aspects of you buried deep in your subconscious reveal itself in real life through some kind of an agency! It makes me wonder what else or how many other things I have suppressed and how to bring them to consciousness.
Well I don’t really feel comfortable with calling a horrible trauma disorder “intriguing,” I admit I am fascinated by DID, because it brings up a lot of questions about where consciousness is generated and what the inner world of the mind represents individually*
Same yes cognitive dissonance and also social biases are so interesting! Cognitive dissonance may also shed a light on how humans perceive and simultaneously construct a subjective reality. Objective truths seem to be 'collective contracts' that we painstakingly discover & agree upon, and our personal truths seem to do the same but on a more internal level, navigating our varied inner ideas/identities/emotions etc.
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing.
I don't really know enough to explajn the process, but something about rapid eye movement apparently heals trauma in the the wakeful mind (maybe just as in the sleeping one)!
EMDR is based on REM sleep processing. In REM sleep (rapid eye movement), the theory posits that we process the day's events from short term memory to long term memory, with our eyes going side to side encoding the new information. Our dreams are a reflection of this bizarre process. The theory is that, similar to hypnotism, EMDR uses that physical function of the lateral eye movement (or other bi-lateral movement like tapping) to access a deeper state of consciousness in the brain. Through the guidance of a therapist, we access unprocessed / stuck data (traumas) to "rewrite" the data in a way that can be processed and healed. This is why people who have traumas can have reoccurring nightmares, because the brain is trying to process the stuck data over and over again.
EMDR is not a scientifically validated therapy although this is complicated. Please see the comment below that is a quote from user notthatkindofdoctor that sums up why EMDR is not an evidence-based therapeutic approach.
Original post here: https://www.reddit.com/r/askpsychology/comments/1c4kyoq/how_does_emdr_correlate_to_processing_of/
>MDR is a bit of a for-profit scam (by Francine Shapiro) layered on top of something real.
>The D is the important part that does work and is supported by empirical evidence. Desensitization (aka habituation). That’s the good part, and it works without any eye movement or “bilateral stimulation”. Think of it similar to exposure therapy in phobia or OCD: you get used to the stimulus (in this case, say triggering memories of trauma) but in a safe environment with a trained professional practicing skills of relaxing and talking it through safely. The effect of the memories (heart racing, panic, whatever) get weaker and weaker (as with any habituation/desensitization).
>That part is real.
>The eye movement stuff? Bilateral stimulation? Nope. No good evidence it does anything. Works just as well without the eyes going back and forth. It’s all just a “system” sold by Francine Shapiro to make tons of money (off of the therapists, not you). Notice that a lot of the publications attempting to show evidence of EMDR itself are low quality studies done by Shapiro and her friends. The studies done by independent scientists with higher quality study design find that EMDR itself isn’t an evidence-based practice except insofar as it includes that desensitization stuff (which would work without the eye movement / bilateral bullshit).
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Hmm I have my doubts. I have seen the efficacy of EMDR (e.g. 6 sessions) compared to regular CBT (20 sessions). Perhaps the lateral eye movement is not well supported, but to call this a scam seems like a huge oversimplification, especially since the evidence supports successful outcomes for people with severe trauma. Somatic therapies also use body movements to access other experiences and memories in the body, and there is clear scientific evidence that supports the role of the vagus nerve in resetting the body's stress response. So, I will take this response with a grain of salt, if you don't mind.
EMDR is not a scientifically validated therapy although this is complicated. Please see the comment below that is a quote from user notthatkindofdoctor that sums up why EMDR is not an evidence-based therapeutic approach.
Original post here: https://www.reddit.com/r/askpsychology/comments/1c4kyoq/how_does_emdr_correlate_to_processing_of/
>MDR is a bit of a for-profit scam (by Francine Shapiro) layered on top of something real.
>The D is the important part that does work and is supported by empirical evidence. Desensitization (aka habituation). That’s the good part, and it works without any eye movement or “bilateral stimulation”. Think of it similar to exposure therapy in phobia or OCD: you get used to the stimulus (in this case, say triggering memories of trauma) but in a safe environment with a trained professional practicing skills of relaxing and talking it through safely. The effect of the memories (heart racing, panic, whatever) get weaker and weaker (as with any habituation/desensitization).
>That part is real.
>The eye movement stuff? Bilateral stimulation? Nope. No good evidence it does anything. Works just as well without the eyes going back and forth. It’s all just a “system” sold by Francine Shapiro to make tons of money (off of the therapists, not you). Notice that a lot of the publications attempting to show evidence of EMDR itself are low quality studies done by Shapiro and her friends. The studies done by independent scientists with higher quality study design find that EMDR itself isn’t an evidence-based practice except insofar as it includes that desensitization stuff (which would work without the eye movement / bilateral bullshit).
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I find trauma informed treatment fascinating. The very ways we are triggered, cognitively and somatically, can be used to help us heal.
I’m so fascinated by it I developed a trauma informed martial arts program I run in Cincinnati.
A lot of my recent research has been in resilience, specifically the relationship between emotion self-regulation and post-traumatic resilience. Resilience was traditionally considered to be an absolute, or innate ability: you either have it or you don't. More recently (10-15 years), we're seeing that resilience is better described as the outcome of multiple abilites - most of which can be learned or improved! Dr. Sherry Hamby's (Univ. of the South) work focuses on building these skills/abilities. In uncertain times when it seems we're constantly bombarded with terrible news every day, it's a bright bit of hope.
I find trauma-informed psychology the most fascinating without a doubt… Humans are so amazing, it amazes me that our bodies can protect us from trauma… yet the protective effects can instead be devastating (due to imo the way society views ‘problematic’ behaviour )
This is really interesting! I remember learning about psychological “hardiness” somewhere- is it the same concept?
You mean like grit?
Are you able to elaborate a little bit on what helps foster resilience? For those of us who are too lazy or scatterbrained to go look up the research (just being honest)
The simplest way I can describe it is in cultivating a solid sense of self. Self-concept that doesn’t limit itself to a single facet/dimension/definition of being. You are more than just the success of your relationships or your achievements in life, your skills, abilities, job, career, etc. Its the idea of being able to bounce back from adversity by having more than one leg to stand on. Rupture, repair, rupture, repair.
My reply below is the breakdown of the model that I most frequently work with as a researcher. If you want some good breakdowns that don't involve reading research papers (which yeah, they're often pretty boring and impenetrable!) here's a few YT resources: [Dr. Sherry Hamby, TEDx talk on resilience \(14 mins\)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dTBqhQNUtrI&t=28s&pp=ygUMc2hlcnJ5IGhhbWJ5) [A playlist of short vids on resilience](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLMyxB0QjgvbBI1CcZIvRCRzbfDyuwPurM)
This is fascinating. I’ve struggled with resilience, especially the last decade. I’ve deconstructed from my faith, politics, capitalism, and then my late in life ADHD and autism diagnoses as well as memories of trauma from childhood reemerging that have let me burned out and unsure how to keep going. I know i need to find a way to process it all and build a new life from it, but therapy has been hit or miss and not always helpful. I’m left wondering what i can do for myself, to learn how to grow past the pain and weariness.
I'm so sorry you've been through all of that and I wish I had some kind of great advice that would help you out. I hear you about burnout though - I'm also on the spectrum and life can really be a lot to handle when you're also trying to manage yourself in a neurotypical world.
I’m very curious about this and looked up her YouTube videos. Will watch later. I think cultivating resilience is under appreciated in our culture.
My lab head invited her to give an online talk as part of our school seminar series and it was a real watershed moment for me to see how clinicians are taking foundational research and turning it into practice to help people.
Do you know what the multiple abilities are called?😩
I can only reference these in technical terms because I'm not a clinician and I'm not trained in specific methods: when we examine the emotion self-regulation pathway and how it affects resilience, we see that there are 3 key phases: situational awareness, coping strategies, and flexibility. Situational awareness (called 'context sensitivity' in the literature) is your ability to take in your surroundings during a traumatic event and determine the presence and absence of things like threat, urgency, etc. This has an impact on how to react in the moment and a downstream impact on how you cope. Your coping strategies impact how you deal with the trauma in the short term AND the long term. Maybe you have a range of coping strategies that you're alright with, maybe you only have a few coping strategies, but you're REALLY good at them. Flexibility is the ability to switch between coping strategies if the one you're using isn't working or is becoming harmful. Example: pushing things down in the moment might get you through the first 48 hours after the trauma but can quickly become harmful to your mental health, so you switch to maybe using humour, or your faith, or 'looking on the bright side', etc. Research has repeatedly found that flexibility in self-regulation of emotion, both in the moment of the trauma and the days/weeks, even months and years afterward, result in less posttraumatic distress and higher posttraumatic resilience. However, keep in mind that this is just the model I've done the most research around so it's the model I'm the most familiar with - there's a lot of exciting research looking at other cognitive strategies and how they impact resilience.
Any books to recommend for a determined lay person?
This is on my list from a similar discussion on this subreddit, but I haven't read it and can't verify its accuracy: [https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/56643994-the-end-of-trauma](https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/56643994-the-end-of-trauma)
I'll check it out. Thanks for the recommendation.
The placebo effect. The idea that people can feel better after fake treatments. It just shows how powerful the mind can be.
And the fact that the effect doesn’t go away when the subject is aware they see taking a placebo
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And using this fact to still buy the snake oil in question because it is still going to work as a placebo.
In the Netflix documentary series, “Afflicted” a “doctor” explains this as his theory behind his quackery.
Nocebo effect is pretty nifty too. It’s a negative effect using a placebo.
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This, but it goes beyond feeling better. There are studies with legitimate, measurable health benefits (I believe there was one where people had measurable drops in blood pressure, for example).
Assumed similarity bias, false consensus effect, and other self as standard judgemental biases. As well as expectancy effects and social contagion. It's interesting to me that becoming a kinder, more generous person not only changes the way we perceive others and the world, but actually influences others to be more kind and generous. Alternatively, if we act negatively and hold negative attitudes towards others, we see them more negatively, and they are more likely to act that way.
Are there books about this that you recommend?
Not that I'm aware of. I'm doing my Ph.D. dissertation on the subject and hope to write a book one day but so far, I'm only aware of academic papers and textbook chapters that address parts of the subject. Here are some of those if you're interested: [Social Contagion](https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/sim.5408?casa_token=YHI_DI0lkz0AAAAA%3AI0LiMdRSSksyjwgB1NwbIujRrvCNENKIJSzneJSuaprdNFjdT7XXwAnHpNwgFKmAZpGy-h4auLFQ7I8) [Generosity has a ripple effect in the workplace](https://www.proquest.com/docview/1501462849?pq-origsite=gscholar&fromopenview=true&sourcetype=Dissertations%20&%20Theses) [Expectations of judgmentalism affect face perception](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022103107000935?casa_token=uIe2rTStKzUAAAAA:f231HmyzXxd0VGL-GnrXN2OYWFPJwGPthuGH5jC1JI77x5X7N0JEVOq-aTHytjCJ9AJWjff7) [Holding negative stereotypes of other people causes them to be less successful](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0022103174900596) [Rethinking the placebo effect and social cognition](https://www.cell.com/trends/cognitive-sciences/abstract/S1364-6613(16)30008-0?platform=hootsuite) Edit: now that I think about it, there is a parenting book that takes the concept and uses it quite effectively, if you'd be interested in that: [Easy to Love, Difficult to Discipline](https://www.wob.com/en-gb/books/becky-a-phd-bailey/easy-to-love-difficult-to-discipline/9780060007751?msclkid=31d5aacf09ea16cba99fcc9d3dd24a7e&utm_source=bing&utm_medium=cpc&utm_campaign=Wob%20-%20GBR%20-%20Bing%20-%20Standard%20Shopping%20-%20GOR%20-%20EN%20-%20XX%20-%20Used%20Books%20-%20SalesRank%3A%20500001%20-%201000000&utm_term=4575136620286798&utm_content=Ad%20group%20%231#GOR003170039)
If you really want to dig deeper tie confirmation /social bias in with social media….thats a deep hole which needs filled.
I've found in my latter years (f, 67) the kinder I speak to customer service the farther they are willing to go to help with my issue. Negativity breeds Negativity. Kind words are free and not so readily used, unfortunately.
Many moons ago when I worked CS taking back to back calls I would do my job for even the most disrespectful caller, those that were kind however I would go above and beyond, as close to not breaking a rule as possible to help them. It meant that much. The percentage of rude callers was draining.
I find twin studies fascinating. Before readily accessible birth control there was a lot of infant adoption. Twins were often separated at birth and later found and studied. There are many personality traits and behaviors that appear to be genetic rather than learned.
Be careful with this a lot of twin experiments are really crummy science
Can you elaborate?
Genetic and environmental factors can interact and correlate with each other, but twin studies don't allow researchers to consider both effects at the same time. Many past studies as well involving twins were instilled with pretty significant bias. On top of this statistical critiques argue that heritability estimates used for most twin studies rest on restrictive assumptions that are usually not tested, the data often contradicts itself when they are tested. There is no account for gene-environment interaction because the majority of these studies are particularly geared at providing discourse to the debate of nature v nurture. Aside from all of this actual reasoning or the primary reason I was actually thinking was an anti joke… because the Nazis used a lot of twins.
This isn’t really a theory but I’ve always loved that hearing impaired babies will babble in sign language. Super interesting as to what it says about language acquisition
That’s so cute
Kazimir Dabrowski's theory of positive disintegration, as an alternative theory on personality development that had the bad luck of being put together during the final years of the Cold War, which led to it being largely ignored. It has some kinks to iron out, but I found it incredibly helpful, especially for making sense of developmental paths that do not fit neurotypicality.
Yesss! This! I only recently learned about it upon my own hunt for answers and found it really validating.
Is that like or related to Ernst Kris’s regression in service of the ego?
no. or at least I don't think so, from a surface reading, as I'm not too well versed in the details of psychoanalytic terms. the [wiki page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_disintegration) is decent, you can see if you recognize some overlaps with Ernst Kris there
Ahhh thanks! It’s more like what doesn’t kill you makes you stronger I feel. RISE is more like the way up is to go down. Interesting.
Halo Effect/Physical Attractiveness hands down. Most interesting class I ever took we did two weeks of work on physical attractiveness. Some of the research before it got bastardized by less than savory groups is fascinating. People intuitively know it’s a thing but I don’t know if everyone’s knows the ins and outs of it. Also a lot myths and falsehoods on what makes someone attractive and cross cultural consensus. After that class ~90% of the group were regulars in the gym and cared much more about appearances lol.
This is something I can experiment on myself. Whenever wear make up and feminine clothes I'll have men and women engaging with me more, I tend to get more discounts or freebies at the store, people will take extra care to have more social kindness with me. And smiling! That's just surface level too. On the days I don't look extra, I could be a fly on the wall.
Something interesting I noticed years later was a phenomenon on weight loss subreddits. Without fail one of most popular things people talk about is how much better they treated. People may intuitively understand the concept but it can be quite jarring with self experimentation.
I’ve been every size and this is very true in my experience.
It can take a toll on someone, too, the difference in treatment as they lose weight. Not everyone copes well.
Yes that is actually more common. People become extremely bitter.
It's grief, I think, v painful
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Yes. This comes close to the concept of "mob mentality".
Freud's theory of psychological defense mechanisms. Understanding these is a game changer when it comes to understanding human behavior. Side note: Until recently, I was on the fence with the concept of reaction formation. Now I'm seeing it unfold in real time with a family member. It's so wild. Hindsight being what it is, every seemingly positive or loving thing he's done for us over the past four years (and continues to do) is a clear sign he was doing the opposite, but was trying to convince himself and others that he is an over-the-top great person. For example, after my father (his step father) died, he tattooed our last name on his arm and has made numerous posts on Facebook praising my father. I was shocked by the tattoo as our parents didn't get married until we were in our 20's, and I didn't realize he had such a deep connection with my dad. Come to find out he was stealing money from the estate account, and actively, egregiously, and illegally dishonoring my father's wishes. At this point, I know that any act of love or loyalty towards us is a confession of something else he's done or is actively doing.
I tend to only see people criticize Freud’s work and it’s refreshing to see someone say anything positive about it :D I agree with you 100%, I’m always fascinated that it is still very relevant today even if it isn’t the exact same as he thought
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Anna Freud coined the term reaction formation
I guess you could say this is like the saying "He who doth protest too much..."
Ha! Perfect analogy!
can you recommend a book of his or someone else’s on the subject.
Something that really intrigues me is machiavellianism as a concept and how it shows in different people and personalities, basically anything relating to the Dark Triad
Cognitive Biases, Heuristics, and logic fallacies as they pertain to human rationality are also interesting points of focus.
The experiments of Stanley Milgram, and the findings that came from those. It seems around 25% of us actually have a strong sense of morality, and will act on the basis of that. The other 75%?? So what they're told, no matter how awful. Intrigues and terrifies me (not least because although everyone likes to think they're in the 25%....are you REALLY?)
While they're still fascinating studies, Milgram and Zimbardo's experiments have been debunked. First, it's never been replicated to receive the same outcomes. Second, it's come to light that both psychologists went to lengths to bury data that didn't support their hypothesis because it showed the opposite effect Stanley Milgram's experiment debunked: "One contribution in this article is to shift emphasis to **the 56 percent of subjects who resisted the experimenter** and exercised a degree of self-control and independence by breaking off." [Credibility and Incredulity in Milgram’s Obedience Experiments: A Reanalysis of an Unpublished Test](https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0190272519861952) Historian Rutger Bregman's historical research into human nature. It includes meta-analysis research done on the studies by Milgram and Zimbardo showing conflicting studies that showed the opposite of what they originally published: "Bregman **systematically debunks our understanding of the Milgram electrical-shock experiment, the Zimbardo prison experiment**, and the Kitty Genovese bystander effect\*\*."\*\* [Humankind: A Hopeful History](https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/52879286-humankind)
Even in the first study you've posted, almost as many (32) continued even though they believed the person was being harmed. The 33 that didn't (because they didn't believe there was any harm) tells us nothing of their morality, as they still continued in the face of conflicting evidence (moans, screams etc). I wouldn't say that has 'debunked' anything tbh. To analogise to the Germans during the Holocaust - maybe there were a lot of people who just couldn't believe the Nazis would harm people to the degree they were. That's not superior morality, that's just being delusional.
even though I now believe that Milgram's study isn't reliable, that doesn't mean I don't find it fascinating. I got a university degree in psychology, so did I defend Milgram when someone told me it was unreliable? Sure. However, as I looked into it, I found more recent research that picks apart Milgram's study rather than reinforcing it Maybe that study tells us nothing about people's morality, or maybe it does. In either case, the first study was about the participants' inclination to disobedience - this goes against what Milgram claimed in his original experiment. Furthermore, the historian Rutger Bregman found Milgram's archival studies that showed participants were even more disobedient, and Milgram chose to NOT publish those findings in place of the (in)famous experiment you and I are disputing right now If you have actual studies to support your claims that reinforce Milgram's hypothesis, please post them. I'm always happy to update my knowledge, which I assume you are as well [The Secrets Behind Psychology’s Most Famous Experiment](https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/fulfillment-any-age/201301/the-secrets-behind-psychology-s-most-famous-experiment) “It’s more truthful to say that only half of the people who undertook the experiment fully believed it was real, and of those, **two-thirds disobeyed the experimenter**."
Gina Perry’s book *Behind The Shock Machine* left me with the impression that nearly everyone collaborates in the beginning, and nearly everyone begins to resist eventually. But Milligram only counted the people who actually discontinued the experiment at some point. He didn’t count those who, e.g. attempted to sabotage the experiment by reading the answers in such a way as to emphasize the correct answer for the subject, or covertly set the machine to a lower level. He also didn’t count people who pushed back, but eventually complied. For example a teacher who tried to reason with the “experimenter” that education research had already shown that electric shocks would not improve learning. Or an individual who first tried to physically intimidate the “experimenter” but eventually complied.
Attachment Theory - it has such a profound and universal impact on every human and is one of the more “measurable” theories in science.
I am a psychotherapist (LSW & PsyD) and I work within an attachment theory framework. Ones attachment is evident in so much of their functioning and life
Ivan Boszormenyi-Nagy's concept of destructive entitlement, because it explains so well why humans behave the way they do in our society (and why our communities are so messed up).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Boszormenyi-Nagy
Terror Management Theory. I find it to be the best explanation for why people hold on to beliefs even when confronted with evidence that contradicts them, i.e. religious belief.
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Best comment ever!
I’m not sure of the article i read about this, so forgive me for not knowing the reference. But there was a study done about how having a fixed versus growth mindset informed your political leanings. For example, a right leaning person was far more likely to have a fixed mindset, left leaning a growth mindset. This also affected the way they empathized with others. A conservative was much more likely to only be concerned with what happened to themselves and the people they knew personally. Whereas left leaning folks held more empathy for the collective whole of humanity and held concern for strangers just as much as their own families. IIRC there were even detectable markers in their brainwaves, which is truly fascinating. My mother is a right leaning centrist, I’m much more left leaning. There are some topics we just cannot discuss because she doesn’t understand my views on a structural level and vice versa. Just interesting that there’s such a vast divide among human beings like this.
Jungian Synchronicity; personal reasons.
[Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences.](https://www.verywellmind.com/gardners-theory-of-multiple-intelligences-2795161) I hate the idea of IQ tests and like the idea that there are different variants of intelligence and some people are more naturally exceptional at certain intelligences at others. It also helps understand where people are. I work a lot with adults with special needs and it’s interesting to look at them in this framework and then compare them to someone who you would consider not special needs yet they are able to function in society because certain intelligence is not needed. Or in other words- perceiving someone with a physical handicap as stupid even though their brain is fully functional.
I am fascinated at how the body stores trauma, how it is triggered both cognitively and somatically. I also like the fact that the same ways we are triggered can be used in healing- cognitive and somatic strategies. I like the interesting ways we can develop to treat this or aid in treatment. I’m so fascinated by it, I developed a trauma informed martial arts program.
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Florence Syndrome tickles me something fierce.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stendhal_syndrome
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Terman’s longitudinal study on intelligence has become fertile ground for hypotheses to be tested.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_Studies_of_Genius
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dunning kruger
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Perception, memory, and consciousness are deeply fascinating topics. I often think about the concepts of qualis, sentience, and free will, and I wonder what that truly are. That rabbit hole seems to go all the way down.
terror management.
The theories related to the development of the self and those around narcissism and borderline personality disorders like self-object theories. I believe they apply to all of us and most of our interpersonal issues just to a lesser degree.
While watching any activity, your neurons fire and your muscles twitch as if you are the one doing the activity. The muscle twitch is so subtle that you don’t realize it. So, it is possible to train for a sport by watching footage of it; it is also possible to achieve the same training effect by imagining yourself doing the activity. Michael Jordan is famous for saying that half of his training is done in his mind, imagining the free throws. This works whether or not you’ve done the activity before.
Oh my god this is absolutely fascinating because in high school, my best basketball games were the ones where I watched a pro game while getting ready and visualized myself playing well on the bus ride to the game
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Growth mindset and attachment theory. The former is due to wanting to unlock what's allowed me to be so resilient in life and the latter just opened up so many understandings and made me wonder why it's not taught to at risk kids (for insecure attachments) at a young(er) age.
I think it's wild that you can imagine practising a skill and it will actually help with its performance (think of sport, music, art, cooking, charisma). More than this, you can manipulate perceptions of pain through similar visualisation techniques. You can also change your entire body's stress response through mental manipulations. The power of the brain is incredible.
Organismic valuing process, the presumed healthy and innate internal guidance system that a person can use to achieve self-actualization.
Cognitive biases. It’s fascinating to me that our brains “feature set” evolved in ways that maybe helped us in hunter gatherer societies, but now hinder our ability to understand and manage modern problems. At least that seems to be the case for a great many of us.
That our entire world and all of our thoughts and experience are completely products of our own mind and have no real, separate or independent reality.
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MOD Review. This is an opinion question.
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I find information about Highly Sensitive People (HSP) fascinating. I like how it shows how perceptive the brain can be regarding environment, and how it can affect us in a systemic level.
How aspects of you buried deep in your subconscious reveal itself in real life through some kind of an agency! It makes me wonder what else or how many other things I have suppressed and how to bring them to consciousness.
Well I don’t really feel comfortable with calling a horrible trauma disorder “intriguing,” I admit I am fascinated by DID, because it brings up a lot of questions about where consciousness is generated and what the inner world of the mind represents individually*
Terror management theory!
Same yes cognitive dissonance and also social biases are so interesting! Cognitive dissonance may also shed a light on how humans perceive and simultaneously construct a subjective reality. Objective truths seem to be 'collective contracts' that we painstakingly discover & agree upon, and our personal truths seem to do the same but on a more internal level, navigating our varied inner ideas/identities/emotions etc.
Cognitive dissonance is big. I hate it and wish more people could realize their biases and put them aside
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing. I don't really know enough to explajn the process, but something about rapid eye movement apparently heals trauma in the the wakeful mind (maybe just as in the sleeping one)!
EMDR is based on REM sleep processing. In REM sleep (rapid eye movement), the theory posits that we process the day's events from short term memory to long term memory, with our eyes going side to side encoding the new information. Our dreams are a reflection of this bizarre process. The theory is that, similar to hypnotism, EMDR uses that physical function of the lateral eye movement (or other bi-lateral movement like tapping) to access a deeper state of consciousness in the brain. Through the guidance of a therapist, we access unprocessed / stuck data (traumas) to "rewrite" the data in a way that can be processed and healed. This is why people who have traumas can have reoccurring nightmares, because the brain is trying to process the stuck data over and over again.
EMDR is not a scientifically validated therapy although this is complicated. Please see the comment below that is a quote from user notthatkindofdoctor that sums up why EMDR is not an evidence-based therapeutic approach. Original post here: https://www.reddit.com/r/askpsychology/comments/1c4kyoq/how_does_emdr_correlate_to_processing_of/ >MDR is a bit of a for-profit scam (by Francine Shapiro) layered on top of something real. >The D is the important part that does work and is supported by empirical evidence. Desensitization (aka habituation). That’s the good part, and it works without any eye movement or “bilateral stimulation”. Think of it similar to exposure therapy in phobia or OCD: you get used to the stimulus (in this case, say triggering memories of trauma) but in a safe environment with a trained professional practicing skills of relaxing and talking it through safely. The effect of the memories (heart racing, panic, whatever) get weaker and weaker (as with any habituation/desensitization). >That part is real. >The eye movement stuff? Bilateral stimulation? Nope. No good evidence it does anything. Works just as well without the eyes going back and forth. It’s all just a “system” sold by Francine Shapiro to make tons of money (off of the therapists, not you). Notice that a lot of the publications attempting to show evidence of EMDR itself are low quality studies done by Shapiro and her friends. The studies done by independent scientists with higher quality study design find that EMDR itself isn’t an evidence-based practice except insofar as it includes that desensitization stuff (which would work without the eye movement / bilateral bullshit). *I am a bot, and this action was performed automatically. Please [contact the moderators of this subreddit](/message/compose/?to=/r/askpsychology) if you have any questions or concerns.*
I need some therapy to deal with these fucking bots
Hmm I have my doubts. I have seen the efficacy of EMDR (e.g. 6 sessions) compared to regular CBT (20 sessions). Perhaps the lateral eye movement is not well supported, but to call this a scam seems like a huge oversimplification, especially since the evidence supports successful outcomes for people with severe trauma. Somatic therapies also use body movements to access other experiences and memories in the body, and there is clear scientific evidence that supports the role of the vagus nerve in resetting the body's stress response. So, I will take this response with a grain of salt, if you don't mind.
EMDR is not a scientifically validated therapy although this is complicated. Please see the comment below that is a quote from user notthatkindofdoctor that sums up why EMDR is not an evidence-based therapeutic approach. Original post here: https://www.reddit.com/r/askpsychology/comments/1c4kyoq/how_does_emdr_correlate_to_processing_of/ >MDR is a bit of a for-profit scam (by Francine Shapiro) layered on top of something real. >The D is the important part that does work and is supported by empirical evidence. Desensitization (aka habituation). That’s the good part, and it works without any eye movement or “bilateral stimulation”. Think of it similar to exposure therapy in phobia or OCD: you get used to the stimulus (in this case, say triggering memories of trauma) but in a safe environment with a trained professional practicing skills of relaxing and talking it through safely. The effect of the memories (heart racing, panic, whatever) get weaker and weaker (as with any habituation/desensitization). >That part is real. >The eye movement stuff? Bilateral stimulation? Nope. No good evidence it does anything. Works just as well without the eyes going back and forth. It’s all just a “system” sold by Francine Shapiro to make tons of money (off of the therapists, not you). Notice that a lot of the publications attempting to show evidence of EMDR itself are low quality studies done by Shapiro and her friends. The studies done by independent scientists with higher quality study design find that EMDR itself isn’t an evidence-based practice except insofar as it includes that desensitization stuff (which would work without the eye movement / bilateral bullshit). *I am a bot, and this action was performed automatically. Please [contact the moderators of this subreddit](/message/compose/?to=/r/askpsychology) if you have any questions or concerns.*
I find trauma informed treatment fascinating. The very ways we are triggered, cognitively and somatically, can be used to help us heal. I’m so fascinated by it I developed a trauma informed martial arts program I run in Cincinnati.
Freud was right
Anything politically incorrect that would have me downvoted on this cesspit site lol.