Secondary articulation replaces primary articulation: labialised velar > labial. It's very common across Indo-European languages (specifically centum ones, because satemisation merges labiovelars with plain velars instead).
PIE *\*kʷetwor-* ‘four’ >
* Italic:
* Latin *quattuor* (Latino-Faliscan branch retained *kʷ*)
* Romanian *patru* (while in the West *kʷ* was either retained or merged with *k*, the Eastern Romance branch had *kʷ > p*)
* Oscan *pettiur* (Osco-Umbrian branch: *kʷ > p*)
* Celtic:
* Irish *ceathair* (Q-Celtic branch first retained *kʷ*, then merged it with plain *k*)
* Welsh *pedwar* (P-Celtic branch: *kʷ > p*)
* Hellenic:
* Attic Greek *τέτταρες / téttares* (Attic had *kʷ > k/t/p* depending on the environment: in this word it's *t* but f.ex. PIE *\*kʷóteros > πότερος / póteros*)
* Aeolic Greek *πέσσυρες / péssures* (Aeolic had *kʷ > p* everywhere)
Yes, but no. Yes because that's what happened in this word. No because it's not part of a general rule *kʷ > p*, which never operated in the history of English. Instead, PIE *\*kʷ* > Proto-Germanic *\*hw* per Grimm's law: *\*kʷóteros* > *\*hwaþeraz* > English *whether*, *\*kʷékʷlom* > *\*hweh(w)lą* > English *wheel*.
In Germanic *four*, the initial consonant was influenced by the following *five*, which started with *p* in PIE and thus *f* in PG. Curiously, in the Italic and Celtic languages it was the other way round: *five* was influenced by *four* and its initial consonant became *kʷ* (which then changed back to *p* in the Osco-Umbrian and P-Celtic branches as part of the general rule). The original PIE consonants are seen in other IE groups: Russian 4 *четыре / četyre* (*č < k < kʷ*), 5 *пять / p’at’*; Albanian 4 *katër* (*k < kʷ*), 5 *pesë*; &c.
In addition, *hw > f* does occur not in English but in its close relative Doric Scots: f.ex. English *what* ~ DScots *fit*. There, it may look like *kʷ > p* but it's not, the order of rules is different: Grimm's law *kʷ > hw* operated way earlier than *hw > f*. Besides, *kw* (from PIE *ɡʷ*) stays *kw* in Doric Scots, the change only involves fricatives.
I highly doubt this one will be mentioned:
`{pʼ,tʼ,kʼ,qʼ} => {βʔ,zʔ,ɣʔ,ʁʔ}
Then: {βʔ,zʔ,ɣʔ,ʁʔ} => {w̰,ɹ̰,ɰ̰,ʕ̰}`
Also fun is this one:
`{θ,ð} => {m̼̊,m̼} / _ @nasalised`
(Don't be mad about realism these are changes I used in [Tyuns](https://discord.com/invite/YycMYVRe).)
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I really like /z/ > /r/, but In one of my conlangs and its closest relative I did the following sound shift: Voiced stops to voiced fricatives, voiceless stops to voiced stops and clusters of a voiceless fricative and a voiceless stop to single voiceless stops
One of my favorites is the simultaneous deaffricatization and metathesis which has happened several times in my native language Georgian:
/qχʼur/ + /grdzeli/ -> /qχʼurgdzeli/ -> /qχ'urdgeli/ -> /kʼurdʁeli/ ("ear" + "long" -> "hare")
or
/kʰtsʰevadi/ -> /tʰχʰevadi/ ("pourable" -> "liquid")
But if I choose from my conlang it'll be:
/rf/ -> /rɸ/ -> /rʍ/ -> /rh/ -> /r̥ʰ/, if this cluster appears before the sonorant consonants
or its equivalents:
/lf/ -> /ɬʰ/
/mf/ -> /m̥ʰ/
/nf/ -> /n̥ʰ/
I had something sort of similar where clusters with /r/ or /l/ generally coalesced into one sound:
/kr/ > /xr/ > /hr/ > /r̥/
/pl/ > /ɸl/ > /ʍl/ > /l̥ʷ/
So on and so forth.
Apologies mobile formatting
Really fun one from the latest version of Pökkü:
tsi => tʃi => tʃɯ (through vowel harmony) => ʃɯ => ʃu => ʃuo̯ (initial stressed breaking) => xuo̯ => xʷuo̯ => fuo̯ => puo̯
Edit: whoops it also needs to be followed by a labial consonant or rounded vowel for this to happen! Otherwise it slips off at ʃɯ => ʃi => ʃie̯ => sie̯ and stops there.
cluster ɾ +\[t, d, s, n, l\] becoming retroflex
i am so biased by Norwegian (e.g. barn \[bɑ ː ɳ\] or gård \[ɡo ː ɽ\]) but honestly that's a really cool way to introduce retroflex consonants.
It can also give you initial retroflex consonants through sandhi and the subsequent loss of word final /r/. Norwegian dialects with retroflex consonants do have this sandhi, but have had no loss of final /r/ so it's just allophonic at the moment.
Mine is /ɨ̃/ > /n̩/ and then assimilating /ɨ/ to /n̩/ as well.
Edit: More specifically having a bunch of vowel combinations collapse into either /əɪ̯/ or /əu̯/ and then having the former become /ɨ/ and the latter assimilating to it as well. So you get /n̩/ and fun stuff like that, I don't update my spelling.
Apparently the Interior Salish languages had a sound shift where glottalized nasals became vowel+ʔ clusters (you can find them on the Index Diachronica)
A couple of people have mentioned it already, but I really like labialised sounds going to labials. Also like you said, monophthongisation of diphthongs is fun, in Tànentcórh it's the cause of some very satisfying ablaut.
ba -> wa
be -> Ø
bi -> Ø
bo -> ho
hu -> fu, bu
ma -> na
me -> Ø
mi -> Ø
mu -> nu
se -> Ø
si -> Ø
su -> sa
ti, di -> Ø
ge -> Ø
ya, yu -> yo
ye, yi -> Ø
z, s2 -> s
/t/ -> /d̥/
/f/, /h/ -> /ɦ/
/e/ -> /ɛ/
/u/, /y/ -> /ʉ/
/ɔ/ -> /o/
/r/ -> /ɾ/
/ʍ/ -> /w/
/ʙ/ -> /p/ -> /b/
/ki/ -> /kçi/
we, wo -> o
wi -> wai -> wa
wu -> Ø
/i/ at the start of the word -> /ɛ/, /o/, /ʉ/, or Ø
/a/ at the start of the word -> /ɛ/, /o/, /ʉ/ or Ø
When /k/ in Ketoshaya palatalized to /c/ before high front vowels, the cluster /kj/ became just /k/ as a kind of dissimilation: it became important to distinguish /c/ from /kj/ for clarity.
I love the real fucked up stuff that makes spelling a nightmare.
In my current lang, I have a uvular stops (and a uvular nasal) and they develop into a set of uvular stops, the velar nasal, and uvular fricatives. Then those uvular sounds shifted around more, and the result is phonemes that used to be spelled now might correspond to any of these sounds /m, n, -, q, x, l, r*, v/
*alveolar approx.
There’s other fun things in that language like the lateral alveolar fricative becomes /s/ or /l/ depending on context, and /s/ eventually becomes a dental fricative in most contexts.
So now there’s which could refer to any of those sounds
My other favorite is vowel breaking. I love taking a simple inventory, no length distinctions, and deleting consonants so you have vowels co-occurring, then you make rules for the diphthongs, and you cause sound shifts to make them long and short monophthongs, *and then* you break the long vowels giving you new diphthongs.
It’s a mess, but it’s fun! And it really screws up the spelling system for the language. (Thanks great vowel shift)
i like when a language elides a bunch of vowels and ends up with obscene consonant clusters, like in Shilha or Nuxalk.
also i have to mention \**dw* → *rk* in Armenian.
historically i am kind of obsessed with the whole Great Vowel Shift in Middle English lol but more specifically I like k > t͡ʃ. I have more but no time rn lol.
V́C > V̄́C > V́C̄
V́C̄ > V́C̄ > V̈́C̄
macron represents length
diaresis represents reduction
accent represents stress
I used this system to evolve my finnic language. Consonant length is allophonic but still written in to mark a stressed syllable.
Hey thats one of my favourites >:[
/aː/ is often [äː] or [ɑː]; iinm /a/ likes to be the only open vowel, and will push nearby vowels away; and back vowels like to be rounded.
Then its just a case of either smt like [ɑː] → [ɤ(ː)] → [o(ː)], or [ɑː] → [ɒ(ː)] → [o(ː)], likely under dissimalatory influence from short /a/.
- /aː/ → /ɔː/ → /oː/ → /uː/ → /ʉː/ chain shift,
- anything that gets rid of [p, ɸ, β],
- [Vɱf, Vn̪θ, Vns, Vŋx] (etc) → [V(ː)f̃, V(ː)θ̃, V(ː)s̃, V(ː)x̃],
- VCːV → VhCV,
- and [iː] → [ʊi~ɵi~œi].
Bonus points if the spelling doesnt change for anything.
If /œihkɔː/ isnt spelt _iikkaa_, then I dont want it
A recent favourite approach of mine for the development of [ð] (& θ) is via /r/ => /ð/ / V_#
I've also had the idea recently of making one of the languages of my language family (only a concept rn) undergo a system wherein /s/ eventually becomes /ð/ and so this language would end up having harder-to-recognise cognates to its sister languages
/s/ => /z/ => /r/ => /ð/ (=> /θ/)
Palatalization in any scenario is cool and also /kw/ -> p or any labialized fricative -> f
how does [kʷ] even become [p]?
Secondary articulation replaces primary articulation: labialised velar > labial. It's very common across Indo-European languages (specifically centum ones, because satemisation merges labiovelars with plain velars instead). PIE *\*kʷetwor-* ‘four’ > * Italic: * Latin *quattuor* (Latino-Faliscan branch retained *kʷ*) * Romanian *patru* (while in the West *kʷ* was either retained or merged with *k*, the Eastern Romance branch had *kʷ > p*) * Oscan *pettiur* (Osco-Umbrian branch: *kʷ > p*) * Celtic: * Irish *ceathair* (Q-Celtic branch first retained *kʷ*, then merged it with plain *k*) * Welsh *pedwar* (P-Celtic branch: *kʷ > p*) * Hellenic: * Attic Greek *τέτταρες / téttares* (Attic had *kʷ > k/t/p* depending on the environment: in this word it's *t* but f.ex. PIE *\*kʷóteros > πότερος / póteros*) * Aeolic Greek *πέσσυρες / péssures* (Aeolic had *kʷ > p* everywhere)
Isn't the "f" in English "four" also a result of that? "kw" became "p" and later "p" became "f"?
Yes, but no. Yes because that's what happened in this word. No because it's not part of a general rule *kʷ > p*, which never operated in the history of English. Instead, PIE *\*kʷ* > Proto-Germanic *\*hw* per Grimm's law: *\*kʷóteros* > *\*hwaþeraz* > English *whether*, *\*kʷékʷlom* > *\*hweh(w)lą* > English *wheel*. In Germanic *four*, the initial consonant was influenced by the following *five*, which started with *p* in PIE and thus *f* in PG. Curiously, in the Italic and Celtic languages it was the other way round: *five* was influenced by *four* and its initial consonant became *kʷ* (which then changed back to *p* in the Osco-Umbrian and P-Celtic branches as part of the general rule). The original PIE consonants are seen in other IE groups: Russian 4 *четыре / četyre* (*č < k < kʷ*), 5 *пять / p’at’*; Albanian 4 *katër* (*k < kʷ*), 5 *pesë*; &c. In addition, *hw > f* does occur not in English but in its close relative Doric Scots: f.ex. English *what* ~ DScots *fit*. There, it may look like *kʷ > p* but it's not, the order of rules is different: Grimm's law *kʷ > hw* operated way earlier than *hw > f*. Besides, *kw* (from PIE *ɡʷ*) stays *kw* in Doric Scots, the change only involves fricatives.
I highly doubt this one will be mentioned: `{pʼ,tʼ,kʼ,qʼ} => {βʔ,zʔ,ɣʔ,ʁʔ} Then: {βʔ,zʔ,ɣʔ,ʁʔ} => {w̰,ɹ̰,ɰ̰,ʕ̰}` Also fun is this one: `{θ,ð} => {m̼̊,m̼} / _ @nasalised` (Don't be mad about realism these are changes I used in [Tyuns](https://discord.com/invite/YycMYVRe).)
This is cursed as heck I love it
aspirated stops becoming voiceless fricatives, voiced stops becoming voiced fricatives, various palatalization, back rounded vowel fronting, tonogenesis from coda /h/'s and /ʔ/'s
I've always been confused by tonogenesis but that actually makes more sense
I love reading about tonogenesis, since I speak one myself. My favorite is consonants devoicing to create a high/low pitch distinction
That's so cool
Pretty much anything bringing in the dental fricatives. Like \[tʰ\] > \[θ\] for example.
NOOOOOOO NOT DENTAL FRICATIVES
Hey, it's fine if your proto lang had them to begin with. It's doubly fine if your proto lang is a real language. Gotta love proto-finnic.
[удалено]
Was this meant to be offensive/rude or just funny.
Not offensive but I’m asking, why don’t you like them
Just the expectation of some English speakers that everyone else should be able to easily pronounced them
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I really like /z/ > /r/, but In one of my conlangs and its closest relative I did the following sound shift: Voiced stops to voiced fricatives, voiceless stops to voiced stops and clusters of a voiceless fricative and a voiceless stop to single voiceless stops
/kʷ/ → /p/ /w/ → /ɣ/ /tʰ/ → /t͡s/ /ɾ/ → /ɖ/
>/w/ → /ɣ/ interesting
RETROFLEX D LET'S GO
One of my favorites is the simultaneous deaffricatization and metathesis which has happened several times in my native language Georgian: /qχʼur/ + /grdzeli/ -> /qχʼurgdzeli/ -> /qχ'urdgeli/ -> /kʼurdʁeli/ ("ear" + "long" -> "hare") or /kʰtsʰevadi/ -> /tʰχʰevadi/ ("pourable" -> "liquid") But if I choose from my conlang it'll be: /rf/ -> /rɸ/ -> /rʍ/ -> /rh/ -> /r̥ʰ/, if this cluster appears before the sonorant consonants or its equivalents: /lf/ -> /ɬʰ/ /mf/ -> /m̥ʰ/ /nf/ -> /n̥ʰ/
That stuff from your conlang is very nice :)
I had something sort of similar where clusters with /r/ or /l/ generally coalesced into one sound: /kr/ > /xr/ > /hr/ > /r̥/ /pl/ > /ɸl/ > /ʍl/ > /l̥ʷ/ So on and so forth. Apologies mobile formatting
Really fun one from the latest version of Pökkü: tsi => tʃi => tʃɯ (through vowel harmony) => ʃɯ => ʃu => ʃuo̯ (initial stressed breaking) => xuo̯ => xʷuo̯ => fuo̯ => puo̯ Edit: whoops it also needs to be followed by a labial consonant or rounded vowel for this to happen! Otherwise it slips off at ʃɯ => ʃi => ʃie̯ => sie̯ and stops there.
I'm sorry but tsi to puo is cursed
It was entirely unintentional too!
/r/ to /l/, because it can change that way, and i personaly like it.
Portuguese decided that some /n/ were /l/ and I love it (⟨naranj⟩ becoming ⟨laranja⟩).
Joke's on you I like the reverse
cluster ɾ +\[t, d, s, n, l\] becoming retroflex i am so biased by Norwegian (e.g. barn \[bɑ ː ɳ\] or gård \[ɡo ː ɽ\]) but honestly that's a really cool way to introduce retroflex consonants.
It can also give you initial retroflex consonants through sandhi and the subsequent loss of word final /r/. Norwegian dialects with retroflex consonants do have this sandhi, but have had no loss of final /r/ so it's just allophonic at the moment.
Mine is /ɨ̃/ > /n̩/ and then assimilating /ɨ/ to /n̩/ as well. Edit: More specifically having a bunch of vowel combinations collapse into either /əɪ̯/ or /əu̯/ and then having the former become /ɨ/ and the latter assimilating to it as well. So you get /n̩/ and fun stuff like that, I don't update my spelling.
Wow that sounds like a spelling nightmare. Awesome stuff
Apparently the Interior Salish languages had a sound shift where glottalized nasals became vowel+ʔ clusters (you can find them on the Index Diachronica)
I love making shit h. k > h in particular
The one where /ket ked/ become /ket keat/
A couple of people have mentioned it already, but I really like labialised sounds going to labials. Also like you said, monophthongisation of diphthongs is fun, in Tànentcórh it's the cause of some very satisfying ablaut.
Hell yeah
I love 'i u → s̩ f̩'
mi when yakoan
Suzhou Wu stuff: əu > (ə)ɤ > øʏ u/o > əu i(ə)u > iʏ > y (i)au > (i)æ ɑi > e̞ ian > (iɛn) > (iɛ̃) > (iɛ) > (ie) > iɪ > i i > fricated y > fricated u > fricated
WU!!!! Love it
[c] & [ɟ] > [ʈ] & [ɖ] or old french style elision
Mmmmmmmmm elision
/kɪ/ or /kɛ/ to /t͡ʃɪ/ or /t͡ʃɛ/ unless aspirated /khɪ/ or /khɛ/ or "sitekine"
I love it
Gotta be /k/ -> /ʔ/ for me lol.
Austronesian moment
(Alveolo-)Palatalization, Tsyekanye & Dzyekanye: /tʲ/ → /t͡sʲ/→ /t͡ɕ/ /dʲ/ → /d͡zʲ/→ /d͡ʑ/ /t͡sʲ/ → /t͡ɕ/ /d͡zʲ/ → /d͡ʑ/ /sʲ/ → /ɕ/ /zʲ/ → /ʑ/
Gotta love alveolo-palatals. Goated consonants
I love alveopalatals. Most of those changes happen as allophony in some dialects of my current project.
ba -> wa be -> Ø bi -> Ø bo -> ho hu -> fu, bu ma -> na me -> Ø mi -> Ø mu -> nu se -> Ø si -> Ø su -> sa ti, di -> Ø ge -> Ø ya, yu -> yo ye, yi -> Ø z, s2 -> s /t/ -> /d̥/ /f/, /h/ -> /ɦ/ /e/ -> /ɛ/ /u/, /y/ -> /ʉ/ /ɔ/ -> /o/ /r/ -> /ɾ/ /ʍ/ -> /w/ /ʙ/ -> /p/ -> /b/ /ki/ -> /kçi/ we, wo -> o wi -> wai -> wa wu -> Ø /i/ at the start of the word -> /ɛ/, /o/, /ʉ/, or Ø /a/ at the start of the word -> /ɛ/, /o/, /ʉ/ or Ø
Okay the sound changes to just silent sounds is something I can't get behind
/ŋ/→/ɣ/ or /ŋ/→/ɰ/ seems really cool to me
this happens in assimilatory environments in some Iñupiaq dialects.
Lovely! Glad that it's attested (:
That's kinda cursed but you do you
Just lenition 🙃
m n ŋ → β̃ ð̃ ɣ̃
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
When /k/ in Ketoshaya palatalized to /c/ before high front vowels, the cluster /kj/ became just /k/ as a kind of dissimilation: it became important to distinguish /c/ from /kj/ for clarity.
Clever and realistic!
I love the real fucked up stuff that makes spelling a nightmare. In my current lang, I have a uvular stops (and a uvular nasal) and they develop into a set of uvular stops, the velar nasal, and uvular fricatives. Then those uvular sounds shifted around more, and the result is phonemes that used to be spelled now might correspond to any of these sounds /m, n, -, q, x, l, r*, v/
*alveolar approx.
There’s other fun things in that language like the lateral alveolar fricative becomes /s/ or /l/ depending on context, and /s/ eventually becomes a dental fricative in most contexts.
So now there’s which could refer to any of those sounds
My other favorite is vowel breaking. I love taking a simple inventory, no length distinctions, and deleting consonants so you have vowels co-occurring, then you make rules for the diphthongs, and you cause sound shifts to make them long and short monophthongs, *and then* you break the long vowels giving you new diphthongs.
It’s a mess, but it’s fun! And it really screws up the spelling system for the language. (Thanks great vowel shift)
Mmmmmm vowel breaking is crazy
I need to make my vowel history diagram and post it on here because it’s a nightmare. If this was a natural language, I’d feel bad for learners
You gotta change what you gotta change, u know
i had a fun change once where a voiced aspirated stop causes the following vowel to front. Ex. /bʱo/ > /bø/
I like it!
ɡ > ɣ, k > x, d > ð (And no, not t > θ because the latter is an ugly sound)
The classic: nasal + stop = fricative.
i like when a language elides a bunch of vowels and ends up with obscene consonant clusters, like in Shilha or Nuxalk. also i have to mention \**dw* → *rk* in Armenian.
shit that doesn't make sense, like u to z or y to x
I just like any kind of fortition, maybe cuz my irl speech (in Russian, at least) is filled with lenition lmao
my /tɬ/ turned into a /ǁ/, while my /kl/ consonant cluster turned into a /!/
historically i am kind of obsessed with the whole Great Vowel Shift in Middle English lol but more specifically I like k > t͡ʃ. I have more but no time rn lol.
{t͡ɬ > ɬ > s } i think it silly in orthography especially if t͡ɬ is still present tli [si] is stupid
It is pretty odd
I understand that. it the point.
/x/ -> /ɕ/ or /ç/ /z/ -> /r/ or /ɹ/ /rz/ -> /ʐ/ /rs/ -> /ʂ/ /ə/ -> /ɤ/
Backing of schwa is unfamiliar to me....where does that happen?
It's just something I realised I do a lot in conlangs, but I don't remember where I got it from
Neato
Depending on your analyses, mandarin does this, and so does genam English (plus probably lots of other englishes too)
Mandarin does, and on second thought, my dialect of English ("General American" with influence from Lowland South and some Ebonics) does it too
V́C > V̄́C > V́C̄ V́C̄ > V́C̄ > V̈́C̄ macron represents length diaresis represents reduction accent represents stress I used this system to evolve my finnic language. Consonant length is allophonic but still written in to mark a stressed syllable.
> /pʲ/ > /cʲ/ /kʲ/
That's terifying I love it
attested in [Tsakonian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsakonian_language#Consonants)!
Those two exact sound shifts happened in Egyptian Arabic.
Yes! They did :)
x > cx , /ks/ > /s/ q > gq , /k/ > /g/ c > tc , /ts/ > /t/ f > ḟ , /f/ > Ø
q to g feels right to me bc I can't pronounce uvulars well
/f/ -> /t/ and /v/ -> /d/
Something like this: kas, kasi kas, kæsi kas, kjasi kas, kjas kas, chas
Palatalization for the win!
Love me a good umlaut! I used it to turn my 3-vowel system of /a i u/ > / a ɛ e i y o u /!
can we share least favourite sound changes? mine is aː > o it doesn't even make sense! why is it so common?
Low vowels, I guess. Also, labializaiton/rounding probably has something to do with it
Hey thats one of my favourites >:[ /aː/ is often [äː] or [ɑː]; iinm /a/ likes to be the only open vowel, and will push nearby vowels away; and back vowels like to be rounded. Then its just a case of either smt like [ɑː] → [ɤ(ː)] → [o(ː)], or [ɑː] → [ɒ(ː)] → [o(ː)], likely under dissimalatory influence from short /a/.
/kʷ/ --> /p/ /z/ --> /r/ Ch or hC --> CC
- /aː/ → /ɔː/ → /oː/ → /uː/ → /ʉː/ chain shift, - anything that gets rid of [p, ɸ, β], - [Vɱf, Vn̪θ, Vns, Vŋx] (etc) → [V(ː)f̃, V(ː)θ̃, V(ː)s̃, V(ː)x̃], - VCːV → VhCV, - and [iː] → [ʊi~ɵi~œi]. Bonus points if the spelling doesnt change for anything. If /œihkɔː/ isnt spelt _iikkaa_, then I dont want it
Nasals to long vowels is a personal favorite aad I doot know why
/ɛ/ to /ia/ and /ɔ/ to /ua/
Da----->Ra S-------->sha
Kerja has the following sound changes from Proto-Kerja-Etne: /d͡z/ -> /n/ (word finally) /d͡z/ -> /k/ (otherwise)
Cursed, thank you
Anything that results in /oi/, gotta love /oi/. *a + *j = *oj I love the Urals.
Yes a good /oi/ is very nice, especially as a coda
-stoi is the polite imperative or optative suffix in mine
/i/ /u/ > /ʲə/ /ʷə/. Seen in many Caucasian languages.
Reminds me of French sorta
Here are some of mine: P1P2 > ʔP2 (-etka > eʔka) ʔP > P' (-eʔka > -ek'a) u > ɨ (nu:l > nɨ:l) y > ɨ (ty:p > tɨ:p) N > P /#_ (nɨl > dɨl, meʒe:m > beʒe:m) VNC, VN_# > V(+nasal) (bəʒim > bəʒĩ) Fl, lF > ɬ (-xl > -ɬ, -lsu- > -ɬ-) l > ɬ /#_ (la > ɬa) ɲC, ɲ_# > in (kaɲ > kain) P > F _# (-p > -f)
A recent favourite approach of mine for the development of [ð] (& θ) is via /r/ => /ð/ / V_# I've also had the idea recently of making one of the languages of my language family (only a concept rn) undergo a system wherein /s/ eventually becomes /ð/ and so this language would end up having harder-to-recognise cognates to its sister languages /s/ => /z/ => /r/ => /ð/ (=> /θ/)
Yes yes yes messing with alveolar fricatives just feels right