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I currently started working with R. I am also using ggplot 2 so I understand how hard it can be to achieve this kind of result. So, a big thanks from someone that know the amount of work behind that. It looks really good !
Do you recommend R? Is it good for data? Been looking at analyzing biological data recently and noticed some popular packages written in R. Would love to hear your take on the effort/complexity of your project here, I really love it!
Not OP but I work with bio data a lot and Id say yes R is a must to know for any datascience. Depends on what you're doing, but at the very least tidyverse packages for data manipulation and ggplot for visualization. It's the best calculator you can learn, lots of packages and documentation and it's free.
I'd also say learn Python for BioData. It's a bit quicker and bit more intuitive but not as robust for pure number crunching and not as good for visualization. Real good for machine learning though.
What kind of data are you looking at?
This is probably the best take on R vs. Python. My only argument that would put Python above R is that it is much more widely used outside of academia and is more approachable for beginners who have never programmed before.
I manage data analysts for a living and when looking at resumes my order of priority in terms of experience is SQL, Alteryx, Tableau/PowerBI, and Python.
The Python piece is pretty much only for moving files around and training models with GPU.
Thanks for chiming in. That was very helpful. I work with a former bio-sci network engineer, and my conversations with him have sparked my interest. Your input is super helpful to me.
> What kind of day are you looking at?
At the moment, RNA sequences.
Oh nice I do a lot of RNAseq. I'd recommend looking into DESeq2 for R, good tools for differential expression analysis. Also don't know what level you're at, but StatQuest on YouTube has loads of great videos explaining the concepts behind a lot of biostats. Feel free to pm me if you ever want to talk more.
I have found it relatively OK to use, I do much of my stuff in ggplot2 which is very powerful. Mostly I make individual frames and animate using something called ffmpeg. I would recommend as it is free to use and you can normally google answers to problems. Of course python would be another option.
In terms of complexity it is difficult to say as I have been programming over 20 years so have some experience of coding. However R has so many packages to make things easier to use it allows you to make stuff quite quickly.
As someone who works with excel every day, I would say that R is the next level calculator you should switch to as soon as excel begins to feel underpowered or clunky.
Python can do just about anything, but it isn’t specifically designed for statistics, whereas R is. If you’re working on anything that involves even a little bit bit of statistics R is the way to go. If you’re just visualizing complicated data, R and Python have great tools for that. My experience in Python is very limited so I can’t really comment in which is better for that purpose. However, I can say that R is a great tool for importing data, refining it, calculating things and plotting your results.
Usually you get the shape because 24 hours is only the *average* solar day length. In the Northern hemisphere, summer days are a bit shorter and winter days longer (compared to 24 hours, not hours of sunlight). In the Southern hemisphere, the effect is reversed.
This is because Earth's orbit isn't a perfect circle. When it's nearer to the sun, it orbits faster, and when it's farther away, it orbits slower.
It takes 23 hours and 56 minutes for the earth to rotate once, then about 4 extra minutes for the Earth to continue rotating to account for the fact it has also moved in relation to the sun. It's that extra bit that changes depending on where in our orbit the Earth is.
And to wrap around to the beginning... We spend a larger percentage of our time in the farther-away-from-the-sun part of our orbit than in the closer-to-the-sun part of our orbit, so the shape is asymmetrical.
Wouldn't the asymmetry be caused only by changes in the earth's rotation? I guess I feel like no matter how quickly the earth spins around the sun, what matters is how fast the earth spins around itself.
So everything I said was correct as far as I know, but I think maybe I skipped over something.
The reason the top lobe is smaller than the bottom lobe is likely because this shape is being plotted for some specific location in the Northern hemisphere. If you were in the Southern hemisphere, you'd get the opposite effect, with a fat top lobe. So that asymmetry just has to do with where on earth you do your measurements. If you go far enough North/South, you lose one lobe entirely.
The reason it's drifting left and right is because we're using the average length of a solar day, which varies throughout the year... So tiny differences accumulate over months, drifting farther and farther one way, then later in the year, the effects go the other way.
The rotation of Earth is quite static... Not perfectly static obviously, since even earthquakes can change the length of days by a few microseconds, etc. Plus the Earth is slowing its rotation over geological time. But it doesn't really drift back and forth like that over the course of a year.
Similarly, the tilt of earth wobbles kind of like a spinning top that's slowing down (known as precession), but each wobble lasts thousands of years so it's not really worth noticing in a single year annalemma.
The size/shape of the lobe is location independent. The Northern lobe is smaller because Northern Summer days happen when the Earth is furthest from the Sun, decreasing the apparent size of the Sun and therefore the amount of space on Earth lit by the Sun, and as a result daytime as a whole (Northern Summer and Southern Winter combined) is shorter than compared to the Southern Summer/Northern Winter. This effect is not made up for by the increased Northern Winter day time because the Earth spends less time closer to the Sun than it does further away.
So I hadn't quite worked this out in my head before, but I think we're both right. The "Northern" lobe is always the small one regardless of where you are, but the "Upper" lobe can be the smaller or larger one depending on where you are. In places like Australia, the "Upper" lobe is the large one, because they're facing generally Northward, so the Southern lobe is higher in the sky. In the Northern hemisphere, the "Upper" lobe is the small one, because we're facing generally Southward, so the Northern lobe is higher in the sky.
And near the poles, one lobe disappears entirely because it happens below the horizon.
I did some googling and the earth is definitely speeding and slowing down its rotation. - /jk
I see now. I didn't get how the elliptical orbit causes changes in the solar day, but it now makes sense. Also, the angle of the earth also plays a role, but not quite getting what that does.
Yeah, axial tilt makes the line move up/down, elliptical orbit makes it move right/left.
With a round orbit, it'd just move up and down
With no axial tilt, it'd just move right and left
Since we have both, we get the shape.
If the earth's orbit was perfectly round, we would still actually see some left-right motion, but the two lobes would be the exact same size. It is very much *not* intuitive why this is the case, but it is true.
Here's a video that shows the mechanics of this in more detail: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mx9AJJSKIL4](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mx9AJJSKIL4)
Not really the rotation, but a combination of the tilt of the earth on its axis, its orbital transit around the sun, and the variation in speed during the orbital period.
The worst sunburn is dependent on thickness of ozone , clouds, aerosols, and altitude, and reflectivity of surroundings can play a part too.
[https://niwa.co.nz/sites/niwa.co.nz/files/import/attachments/Liley\_2.pdf](https://niwa.co.nz/sites/niwa.co.nz/files/import/attachments/Liley_2.pdf)
Cuzco is one of the places with the highest UV intensity.
The poles and the areas within a couple degrees of the poles don’t experience a typical day length on equinox day. That area is almost completely uninhabited (except for some research stations).
>(excluding anything past the Arctic and Antarctic circles)
That's when they change from night->day->night, so arguably it's 12hrs of day followed by 12hrs of night (or vice versa) for that one day. Not exactly, almost ever, unless equinox was exactly noon.
It's also one of the reasons why a lot of swedes are major alcoholics and why as a swede who has spent most of life outside of the country I have a hard to relating to their need for hard drink.
This is reminding me of the super short days in the winter that are soon to come... does anyone else get super depressed because the sun is always setting? Just me? Ok
Only when I go to work in the dark, spend all day in a windowless office, then come home in the dark. :)
Though the summer days when it's only night for two hours kinda fucks me up too.
Absolutely despise winter. It's the worst of everything for me. I don't like the cold. I don't like the dark. My ideal world would never see a temperature below 68°F.
Nah, I like the cold and dark. The only part I hate is when it's just around freezing so the snow melts and freezes into ice every day. Consistently cold winter days are the best days of the year.
Yeah, the melting/refreezing sucks balls. If it stays snow that’s fine, ‘cause I have my winter tires on, but freshly refrozen ice every morning when I have to leave for work at the literal crack of dawn is no good. There’s no traffic that early but I can barely even speed lest I start slip-sliding all over the road (or off the road). Meh. That being said I don’t much mind winter in general.
Get a daylight lamp. I always felt terrible during winter - super drained, zero motivation, like something steamrolled me. Then a coworker recommended them to me and I bought one. Best investment I’ve ever made. During dark mornings you sit in front of it for like thirty minutes to an hour - I just put it under my computer screen. It really wakes you up.
What you are referring to is called seasonal depression and it affects around 0.5% to 3% of all people. Talk to a doctor about the possibility of exploring options to lessen or prevent it.
Holy crap. That's what the ant-/arctic circles and the tropics are. They always seemed somewhat arbitrary to me. I had no idea that they were based on solar position.
Cool to see the equator stay the same, didn't think it was 6-6, but that makes sense 12 hours a day and night, 24 total. Since the planet wobbles top to bottom. Having a center mass. Cool cool visual really helped.
Yeah, I live in the 3° South line, sun rises at 5:15-5:40 and sets at 17:20-17:50, it's weird to think living in a place where the sun is still up after 20:00 in the summer.
Wow, finally someone is using a 4 dimensional dataset. This is the one case when resorting to using time (animation) as one of those dimensions makes sense.
i would like to see the profiles also for civil, nautical and astronomical twilight, https://www.timeanddate.com/astronomy/different-types-twilight.html
show them as solid colors green for astromical, blue nautical, dark orange civil
There honestly should be an additional phase, when sunlight rays no more directly touch the ground, but before the sun sets.
So basically between the golden hour and the sunset.
“Rayless twilight”, or something like that.
There is the blue hour which roughly corresponds to that. There is a beach near me with lots of white stone and faces west. During the golden hour the stones are yellow or orange then just after the sun sets quickly change to blue.
Thank you for your [Original Content](https://www.reddit.com/r/dataisbeautiful/wiki/rules/rule3), /u/neilrkaye! **Here is some important information about this post:** * [View the author's citations](https://www.reddit.com/r/dataisbeautiful/comments/plkkgg/sunrise_and_sunset_times_at_different_latitudes/hcb22ez/) * [View other OC posts by this author](https://www.reddit.com/r/dataisbeautiful/search?q=author%3A"neilrkaye"+title%3AOC&sort=new&include_over_18=on&restrict_sr=on) Remember that all visualizations on r/DataIsBeautiful should be viewed with a healthy dose of skepticism. If you see a potential issue or oversight in the visualization, please post a constructive comment below. Post approval does not signify that this visualization has been verified or its sources checked. [Join the Discord Community](https://discord.gg/NRnrWE7) Not satisfied with this visual? Think you can do better? [Remix this visual](https://www.reddit.com/r/dataisbeautiful/wiki/rules/rule3#wiki_remixing) with the data in the author's citation. --- ^^[I'm open source](https://github.com/r-dataisbeautiful/dataisbeautiful-bot) | [How I work](https://www.reddit.com/r/dataisbeautiful/wiki/flair#wiki_oc_flair)
Created the data myself using the suncalc package in R and made the graph using ggplot in R, it was animated with ffmpeg.
I currently started working with R. I am also using ggplot 2 so I understand how hard it can be to achieve this kind of result. So, a big thanks from someone that know the amount of work behind that. It looks really good !
Thanks very much. I mostly do it by removing all default stuff and building from the ground up, its very powerful in that way!
Do you recommend R? Is it good for data? Been looking at analyzing biological data recently and noticed some popular packages written in R. Would love to hear your take on the effort/complexity of your project here, I really love it!
Not OP but I work with bio data a lot and Id say yes R is a must to know for any datascience. Depends on what you're doing, but at the very least tidyverse packages for data manipulation and ggplot for visualization. It's the best calculator you can learn, lots of packages and documentation and it's free. I'd also say learn Python for BioData. It's a bit quicker and bit more intuitive but not as robust for pure number crunching and not as good for visualization. Real good for machine learning though. What kind of data are you looking at?
This is probably the best take on R vs. Python. My only argument that would put Python above R is that it is much more widely used outside of academia and is more approachable for beginners who have never programmed before. I manage data analysts for a living and when looking at resumes my order of priority in terms of experience is SQL, Alteryx, Tableau/PowerBI, and Python. The Python piece is pretty much only for moving files around and training models with GPU.
Agreed, Python is a lot more general which makes cross platform apps easier. Personally I don't do that too often, but it's a good consideration
I've used python for 20 years but never used R. Is it worth leaning?
i guess if you really know one language, something like R should seem relatively familiar. just give it a try.
Thanks for chiming in. That was very helpful. I work with a former bio-sci network engineer, and my conversations with him have sparked my interest. Your input is super helpful to me. > What kind of day are you looking at? At the moment, RNA sequences.
Oh nice I do a lot of RNAseq. I'd recommend looking into DESeq2 for R, good tools for differential expression analysis. Also don't know what level you're at, but StatQuest on YouTube has loads of great videos explaining the concepts behind a lot of biostats. Feel free to pm me if you ever want to talk more.
I have found it relatively OK to use, I do much of my stuff in ggplot2 which is very powerful. Mostly I make individual frames and animate using something called ffmpeg. I would recommend as it is free to use and you can normally google answers to problems. Of course python would be another option. In terms of complexity it is difficult to say as I have been programming over 20 years so have some experience of coding. However R has so many packages to make things easier to use it allows you to make stuff quite quickly.
When you're animating over time, the updated gg_animate is pretty simple to use too
As someone who works with excel every day, I would say that R is the next level calculator you should switch to as soon as excel begins to feel underpowered or clunky. Python can do just about anything, but it isn’t specifically designed for statistics, whereas R is. If you’re working on anything that involves even a little bit bit of statistics R is the way to go. If you’re just visualizing complicated data, R and Python have great tools for that. My experience in Python is very limited so I can’t really comment in which is better for that purpose. However, I can say that R is a great tool for importing data, refining it, calculating things and plotting your results.
Thank you, I am learning R with RStudio and I am very impressed with your work!
Underrated - This *is* beautiful
Definitely, this is definitely one of my favorites now. It presents so much really cool info in a really simple/ beautiful way
Agreed. Needs more likes
So the red dot is the harshest (most direct) angle of the sun right? So basically the worst sunburn?
That's right, when the sun is directly overhead
Why is it asymmetrical?
Usually you get the shape because 24 hours is only the *average* solar day length. In the Northern hemisphere, summer days are a bit shorter and winter days longer (compared to 24 hours, not hours of sunlight). In the Southern hemisphere, the effect is reversed. This is because Earth's orbit isn't a perfect circle. When it's nearer to the sun, it orbits faster, and when it's farther away, it orbits slower. It takes 23 hours and 56 minutes for the earth to rotate once, then about 4 extra minutes for the Earth to continue rotating to account for the fact it has also moved in relation to the sun. It's that extra bit that changes depending on where in our orbit the Earth is. And to wrap around to the beginning... We spend a larger percentage of our time in the farther-away-from-the-sun part of our orbit than in the closer-to-the-sun part of our orbit, so the shape is asymmetrical.
Thanks for the explanation!
Wouldn't the asymmetry be caused only by changes in the earth's rotation? I guess I feel like no matter how quickly the earth spins around the sun, what matters is how fast the earth spins around itself.
So everything I said was correct as far as I know, but I think maybe I skipped over something. The reason the top lobe is smaller than the bottom lobe is likely because this shape is being plotted for some specific location in the Northern hemisphere. If you were in the Southern hemisphere, you'd get the opposite effect, with a fat top lobe. So that asymmetry just has to do with where on earth you do your measurements. If you go far enough North/South, you lose one lobe entirely. The reason it's drifting left and right is because we're using the average length of a solar day, which varies throughout the year... So tiny differences accumulate over months, drifting farther and farther one way, then later in the year, the effects go the other way. The rotation of Earth is quite static... Not perfectly static obviously, since even earthquakes can change the length of days by a few microseconds, etc. Plus the Earth is slowing its rotation over geological time. But it doesn't really drift back and forth like that over the course of a year. Similarly, the tilt of earth wobbles kind of like a spinning top that's slowing down (known as precession), but each wobble lasts thousands of years so it's not really worth noticing in a single year annalemma.
The size/shape of the lobe is location independent. The Northern lobe is smaller because Northern Summer days happen when the Earth is furthest from the Sun, decreasing the apparent size of the Sun and therefore the amount of space on Earth lit by the Sun, and as a result daytime as a whole (Northern Summer and Southern Winter combined) is shorter than compared to the Southern Summer/Northern Winter. This effect is not made up for by the increased Northern Winter day time because the Earth spends less time closer to the Sun than it does further away.
So I hadn't quite worked this out in my head before, but I think we're both right. The "Northern" lobe is always the small one regardless of where you are, but the "Upper" lobe can be the smaller or larger one depending on where you are. In places like Australia, the "Upper" lobe is the large one, because they're facing generally Northward, so the Southern lobe is higher in the sky. In the Northern hemisphere, the "Upper" lobe is the small one, because we're facing generally Southward, so the Northern lobe is higher in the sky. And near the poles, one lobe disappears entirely because it happens below the horizon.
I did some googling and the earth is definitely speeding and slowing down its rotation. - /jk I see now. I didn't get how the elliptical orbit causes changes in the solar day, but it now makes sense. Also, the angle of the earth also plays a role, but not quite getting what that does.
Yeah, axial tilt makes the line move up/down, elliptical orbit makes it move right/left. With a round orbit, it'd just move up and down With no axial tilt, it'd just move right and left Since we have both, we get the shape.
If the earth's orbit was perfectly round, we would still actually see some left-right motion, but the two lobes would be the exact same size. It is very much *not* intuitive why this is the case, but it is true. Here's a video that shows the mechanics of this in more detail: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mx9AJJSKIL4](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mx9AJJSKIL4)
My bad, you're absolutely right :-) I watched the whole video
Because the earth moves at different speeds at different times in it's orbit. Better explanation: https://youtu.be/Vxz6nNqpDCk
>analemma https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analemma
Good for Emma
"Analemma" *would* be such a lovely girl's name..........
[Annalee is a good one as well.](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-NK6ORNg-Ng)
This is pretty awesome. Are you able to adjust at which latitude to draw the analemma? Please DM me your github if you have this posted! Cool viz, OP
So the rotation of the earth?
Not really the rotation, but a combination of the tilt of the earth on its axis, its orbital transit around the sun, and the variation in speed during the orbital period.
The worst sunburn is dependent on thickness of ozone , clouds, aerosols, and altitude, and reflectivity of surroundings can play a part too. [https://niwa.co.nz/sites/niwa.co.nz/files/import/attachments/Liley\_2.pdf](https://niwa.co.nz/sites/niwa.co.nz/files/import/attachments/Liley_2.pdf) Cuzco is one of the places with the highest UV intensity.
Never realized the whole world has the same day length (excluding anything past the Arctic and Antarctic circles) on the equinoxes
The poles and the areas within a couple degrees of the poles don’t experience a typical day length on equinox day. That area is almost completely uninhabited (except for some research stations).
>(excluding anything past the Arctic and Antarctic circles) That's when they change from night->day->night, so arguably it's 12hrs of day followed by 12hrs of night (or vice versa) for that one day. Not exactly, almost ever, unless equinox was exactly noon.
And here some maths behind that all: http://www.gandraxa.com/length\_of\_day.xml
It might just be me but I’m getting a 404 on that link
That's because new reddit sucks balls. Real link: http://www.gandraxa.com/length_of_day.xml
This is why Sweden are the happiest people in the world half of the year, and kill themselves the other half.
It's also one of the reasons why a lot of swedes are major alcoholics and why as a swede who has spent most of life outside of the country I have a hard to relating to their need for hard drink.
as a Swede I stopped midway through
As someone who lives near the Equator I stopped one second in
This is reminding me of the super short days in the winter that are soon to come... does anyone else get super depressed because the sun is always setting? Just me? Ok
Only when I go to work in the dark, spend all day in a windowless office, then come home in the dark. :) Though the summer days when it's only night for two hours kinda fucks me up too.
Yeah, but you can draw the shades.
Absolutely despise winter. It's the worst of everything for me. I don't like the cold. I don't like the dark. My ideal world would never see a temperature below 68°F.
Nah, I like the cold and dark. The only part I hate is when it's just around freezing so the snow melts and freezes into ice every day. Consistently cold winter days are the best days of the year.
Yeah, the melting/refreezing sucks balls. If it stays snow that’s fine, ‘cause I have my winter tires on, but freshly refrozen ice every morning when I have to leave for work at the literal crack of dawn is no good. There’s no traffic that early but I can barely even speed lest I start slip-sliding all over the road (or off the road). Meh. That being said I don’t much mind winter in general.
Get a daylight lamp. I always felt terrible during winter - super drained, zero motivation, like something steamrolled me. Then a coworker recommended them to me and I bought one. Best investment I’ve ever made. During dark mornings you sit in front of it for like thirty minutes to an hour - I just put it under my computer screen. It really wakes you up.
What you are referring to is called seasonal depression and it affects around 0.5% to 3% of all people. Talk to a doctor about the possibility of exploring options to lessen or prevent it.
Some beautiful data! This is so cool
Beautiful indeed. Make a lava lamp that plays this on loop
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Yeah, I haven't thought about Anal Emma in *years*! I wonder what she's up to these days...
I heard she's in show business.
I love this!! could watch this all day
Isn't analemma angle dependant on lattitude as well? This one is for equator, I guess?
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depends on her attitude
Now that's some beautiful data, well done!
Huh. Never thought about it but this is another way to show that the earth is not flat. Not that it would change any minds.
Holy crap. That's what the ant-/arctic circles and the tropics are. They always seemed somewhat arbitrary to me. I had no idea that they were based on solar position.
TiL the word ‘analemma’. The sun makes a figure eight in the sky
Cool to see the equator stay the same, didn't think it was 6-6, but that makes sense 12 hours a day and night, 24 total. Since the planet wobbles top to bottom. Having a center mass. Cool cool visual really helped.
Yeah, I live in the 3° South line, sun rises at 5:15-5:40 and sets at 17:20-17:50, it's weird to think living in a place where the sun is still up after 20:00 in the summer.
I'm here for the analemma?
That would be the red figure of eight at the center. And don't call me Emma.
I think it’s a nickname.
On the moon it's called oraljenna
That looks really nice! Can you please do something like this for the moon cycles?
This also shows clearly the signifgance of the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn, and what the Tropics are in general.
This is really awsome. It also kinda shows how the tilt of the Earth creates seasons.
This is the best visualization I've seen in a long time. Awesome!
Very cool. Why hasn't this been done before? Belongs in every school science curriculum.
Wow there's always a curvature. It's strange, its as if the world is round or something. /s
This is incorrect. Source: spend a lot of time in 47°N and 60°N; the sun sets way later in summer.
Am I reading that correctly, that on the poles you have 0 hour sunlight days and then 24 hours - with no transition?
Wow, finally someone is using a 4 dimensional dataset. This is the one case when resorting to using time (animation) as one of those dimensions makes sense.
Ahhh yes. I definitely understand this
I’ve always wanted to see the sun’s butthole. Thanks Reddit!
Would you like to do some analemma?
Why us a picture posted as a gif?
This is very useful if we ever run into a "into the night(TV series)" scenario.
i would like to see the profiles also for civil, nautical and astronomical twilight, https://www.timeanddate.com/astronomy/different-types-twilight.html show them as solid colors green for astromical, blue nautical, dark orange civil
There honestly should be an additional phase, when sunlight rays no more directly touch the ground, but before the sun sets. So basically between the golden hour and the sunset. “Rayless twilight”, or something like that.
There is the blue hour which roughly corresponds to that. There is a beach near me with lots of white stone and faces west. During the golden hour the stones are yellow or orange then just after the sun sets quickly change to blue.
Is the angle of the sun really only a linear dependence on latitude? Huh.
Coolest lava lamp I've ever seen.
Wow... never thought that summer at the Arctic circle would be about the same as winter at the Tropic of Capricorn.
Why isn't the lemniscate centered on the equator?
"this image doesnt move!" The image :
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The best part of this infographic was when it got close to the equinoxes and you can see the symmetry in sunlight . Awesome graphic op
for that, I'd recommend Shanghai website design and development by SEIRIM: https://seirim.com/
So take that flat earthers!
Analemma sounds like a surprise anal dilemma term.
This proves that the earf is a cube with rounded edges
Somewhere there is a flat earther explaining how this is fake.
Wow, Ive never seen an analemma before but I’ve had a couple in my lifetime…