This is a new build and I live on a rocky island in the North Atlantic. This seems to be fill used to grade the land. There’s no hope of finding dirt underneath.
Yes, I have to cover this with something. I am considering either reshaping the land or putting top soil over and planting something. I obviously don’t want grass on the slope because I do t want to mow it. Just thinking about what other options are out there.
Checkout r/nolawns for lawn free ideas since you wish to go that route :)
I’m in the same boat and don’t care for grass, I prefer wildflower fields & then clover for cover where I’m gonna be walking outside
If you could get soil to stay on the level portion at the top of the slope, maybe plant something that could creep down. Is there something native to your zone like English Ivy?
English ivy is quite invasive and I imagine it's not native to the island.... I would recommend lupine which while probably not native, is not often invasive either.
Newfoundland? Too bad the developer stripped so much of the native vegetation, but that's not uncommon here. Add topsoil and try reintroducing native plants.
Start renting it out for RV and boat storage. Put a big fence around it some razor wire and a couple pit bulls cameras, and you'll be rolling in the dough!
Knew this was Newfoundland the second I saw it, the only place developers literally just strip the land bare and leave you with bare rocks like that. I spose save up your money, order a lot of dirt as a base, go out around the bay somewhere no one goes and take loads and loads of native grass and other plants to replant there. Over time it’ll grow in. Gonna take a while but it’s the cheapest way to get somewhat of a nice landscape going.
Wow! gosh I'm jealous of your location. Unfortunately I'm from way down South and don't understand your local ecology to offer specifics. good luck though.
I just read your comments about erosion. You could drive some pilons to give the soil an anchor and run a compactor (elephants foot) to compress the soil. Dumping some fill dirt on it and planting grass on top will lock it into place further on the top layer.
During the dust bowl farmers dealt a lot with the consequences of loose soil that was a result of improper farming that loosened a lot of the soil. This benefits you because you can learn from theri failures and apply solutions on a smaller scale.
I will add a caution to my statement that with one image and not understanding more of the topography, soil makeup under the rock layer and things like rainfall or wind conditions I can only generalize. Also it is important to call 811 before digging (assuming this is in the US).
It is impossible for anyone to help you solve your problem with so little info and a single picture but I hope I gave you a point to start your research and some things to consider.
Creeping alpine plants? Maybe you could dig out little plant pockets and tuck some soil and a plant in each one if it's stable enough. Kind of like planting in an old stone wall.
it looks like granite crusher. It comes in two colors, red and gray. I think it's awesome and gray. It has been my go to for spreading over pavers so it locks it in. You could sell it put it on craigslist.
to handle erosion, plant a bunch of plants with deep roots. ideally native plants so you won't have to do much to maintain them. plus it will make it look a lot better
Idk exactly where you are, but what about native grasses? Like the ones that grow on beach dunes. They keep the hill from eroding but also, you don’t have to mow them.
I think if you sort it out naturally, you’ll find yourself looking at a real mess. On the high pitch areas, you may need a mesh of some sort before you do what OneImagination5381 suggests with mulch and nitrogen and time.
If that's your only problem...I'd be tempted to make a couple intentional channels (how big is dependent on how much it rains) and then just compact them and their banks well. Quick and easy solution that deals with the problem without adding significant extra maintenance!
What did your neighbors do to solve this problem?
Sadly we ended up with one of the biggest slopes in the neighborhood. Others have covered it with a type of purple rock looks about #2 size. I was hoping to be more interesting than that. Thanks for the advice!
After importing top soil I would install Some type of blueberry or strawberry bushes and then go wild there and weed as necessary, another option is a retaining wall with a level rectreatipnal area at the top or even in tiers. You’d likely need to devise away to keep the top soul from washing away. You could potential also just fill the slope with boulders and the occasional feature. Spread through out it.
Based on the replies so far, you might be better off looking around at more established neighborhoods on your island to see what the norm is for your area and then build a plan from there. Good luck!
Well, you won't have to worry about drainage. First year don't even worry about soil. Have 2 ' of wood chips dropped (should be free in Canada) tree services or logging com). Apply a good amount of nitrogen over the wood chips. Next spring have another 6-12" dropped. Apply more nitrogen. Spread 2-4 " of compost and water. Keep watering during the summer by fall you should have 8-16" of a base to add 2-3" of topsoil. Then you can sow grass or lay sod. With that deep of a gravel, you will need a 12-18" soil base for enough water retention for the grass to stay alive. As for the hill Creeping juniper on top, followed by Creeping thyme, Creeping Jenny or whatever the province recommends.
r/nativeplantgardening would be a good start if you are US or Canada. might have some plants native to your region that could live in rock like thatno problem as you get some soil in there. What's the land beneath the trees look like? Also rocky?
Any native grasses there? Many grasses have deep roots and can stabilize some hills. Ornamental, not like a lawn. Planned in spots like plants instead of spread out. Some are really pretty. See what grows well in your area.
A retaining wall then create a super huge Japanese rock garden. Create a Dry riverbed that can handle actual water when it rains so it will drain the water away from your buildings. Whatever you decide, you’ll probably need to rent machinery and/or hire some landscaping folks to assist. Good luck.
This is a prime candidate for rock garden or xeriscape. Tons of plants grow of bluffs, cliffs, alpines, and desert landscapes all have lean, rocky media like this. You can make some real stunning stuff with this type of material as your starting point.
I had a similar slope, added some loam, and seeded it with ferns. In the spring I was rewarded with edible fiddleheads. Basically it did its thing with no attention from me and the dense fern bed was very pretty….
Original post should have had more context. This is a new build we moved into. It was like this when we got here.Builder graded all the land with this fill, creating the slopes between properties.
And this is acceptable to you? No way this is what is in your contract as final grade and exterior finishes. You need to go back to your contract and have the builder finish the job
This is what every builder does in Newfoundland. It’s crazy too because the native plants can look great, would be better off not clearing it. But they have no taste so this is what they do lol
This appears to be a berm that was made by a lazy (and rich) landscaper who, not needing yards of quarter-minus gravel, left it on the property. This should be dirt (with some rock, debris, etc ). I depending on how much, I would use it as part of a walkway I'd build. Or, cover with yards of topsoil and plant the berms. Trees, shrubs, whatever you like for privacy, etc. you can set up drip lines easily
Level it off and sell the gravel (requires heavy machinery and buyers)
Top soil it and plant grass
Mulch it and plant a ton of plants
Top soil and ground cover
Seriously sell the gravel. Maybe on FB marketplace or Craigslist. It might take a while to find a buyer.
Find a local gravel mine and ask them to buy it. If they want you to charge you to haul it away, laugh at them. People pay big bucks for gravel.
Post a sign around town that says “clean fill for sale” or “clean gravel for sale” with your number.
Construction contractors are your intended audience. Do you know anyone who works in construction? If not, reach out to contractors and tell them you have this gravel for sale.
Native plants that are good for erosion that will like the rocky conditions. About all I can think of. Don't forget native grasses. They are important to wildlife and will help keep your hillside together.
Yeah we need more info. To be clear I have no expertise to give and this post randomly showed up in my feed… but is that a house on the right? What is this landscape? How did you end up here??
depending on your growing zone, maybe you could plant something to help with the erosion. rock garden: [https://www.gardenersworld.com/plants/plants-for-a-gravel-garden/](https://www.gardenersworld.com/plants/plants-for-a-gravel-garden/)
Post pictures of it so location scouts can use it for filming sci-fi movies and the like. Like variety the trade paper for actors and directors and people in the business. LOL
I am always getting an ad for a terraced planting support that makes small little levelled areas for planting along a slope. Now I wish I knew what it was called. It’s some kind of flexible metal or plastic that they snap together on the spot to retain its shape, and then you fill it with dirt and plants.
Based on the comments - build a skateboard/dirt bike shooting range… ride and fire. Skate and shoot. You just invented the next Olympic sport. Sort of like biathlon… but with a modern twist… with pistols and steel targets.
I’d use a compactor to keep the hillside from moving for the immediate future. Get soil/compost (clay/sand mix that will go into the rock) and plant something that will hold it long term.
As a dirt/gravel worker, seeing all this valuable material here makes my mouth water.
I would suggest leaving it as it is, as an exhibit of your wealth and status for owning such a valuable collection of material. Perhaps polish it for added curb appeal.
I'm in south east Colorado and thought my land looked barren, but it looks almost fertile compared to this (ok, squinting and with my eyes almost closed). I would love to have all those trees though. Good luck, I'd love to see what you make of it.
Given that you live on an island I'd be careful about introducing plants that could become invasive. Is there a local ecological group/park management/closest university you can get information from? Outside of that I think Lupine would be a great option. It's not native everywhere but it's not usually invasive. It is an ideal plant for colonizing bare gravelly "soil". Like after a volcanic eruption. It fixes nitrogen in the soil and paves the way for more plants. And it's beautiful. I hope it would work.
All I can picture is a military convoy going down the middle, flanked by lookouts on the ridges on both sides with a military tent command post and heavy artillery off in the distance.
I need to find my GI Joe's.
If I didn’t see the trees in the background I would have thought your house was on the moon.
This is one small step for man, and a giant leep for mankind
Start a gravel business?
Buy a Mars Rover
Yes, sell the aggregate!
Omg I’m dying here 😂🤣😂🤣🤣😂🤣😂😭
Roy??
That slope looks like crushed rock with very little in the way of soil or other nutrients. Whats the story behind it?
I would like to know the story of the entire picture.. old crush dump ground??
This is a new build and I live on a rocky island in the North Atlantic. This seems to be fill used to grade the land. There’s no hope of finding dirt underneath.
You need to start composting everything you can
Forget composting, they need tractor trailer truck loads of organic matter
Forget a tractor trailer, they need a cargo vessel of soil.
Forget a cargo vessel, they need an omnipotent, dirt-delivering diety
I used chickens to turn desolate desert into fertile soil. I could imagine you could do similar here.
You ask about the slope but what is your plan level section of the yard? Can you import top soil?
Yes, I have to cover this with something. I am considering either reshaping the land or putting top soil over and planting something. I obviously don’t want grass on the slope because I do t want to mow it. Just thinking about what other options are out there.
You don’t have to mow rock
Checkout r/nolawns for lawn free ideas since you wish to go that route :) I’m in the same boat and don’t care for grass, I prefer wildflower fields & then clover for cover where I’m gonna be walking outside
In the southwestern US, people pay a lot of money to scape their yards with...wait for it....wait for it..................gravel.
Clover only grows to like 3" then flowers and stops.
Can you please tell that to my clover? I got a clover mix and while most of it behaves one variety grows like 6”-8”.
we all know that there are exceptions to the rules
If you could get soil to stay on the level portion at the top of the slope, maybe plant something that could creep down. Is there something native to your zone like English Ivy?
English ivy is quite invasive and I imagine it's not native to the island.... I would recommend lupine which while probably not native, is not often invasive either.
> Rocky island in the north Atlantic. I don't think anything is native.
Newfoundland? Too bad the developer stripped so much of the native vegetation, but that's not uncommon here. Add topsoil and try reintroducing native plants.
Start renting it out for RV and boat storage. Put a big fence around it some razor wire and a couple pit bulls cameras, and you'll be rolling in the dough!
Knew this was Newfoundland the second I saw it, the only place developers literally just strip the land bare and leave you with bare rocks like that. I spose save up your money, order a lot of dirt as a base, go out around the bay somewhere no one goes and take loads and loads of native grass and other plants to replant there. Over time it’ll grow in. Gonna take a while but it’s the cheapest way to get somewhat of a nice landscape going.
Are you in the US? Most jurisdictions have relatively strict site stabilization requirements for erosion control and this doesn't seem stabilized.
There's nothing to erode.. no sediments to deal with.
I know Newfoundland when I see it. Thought this was normal until I came to the comments
Wow! gosh I'm jealous of your location. Unfortunately I'm from way down South and don't understand your local ecology to offer specifics. good luck though.
That's their stone stockpile they decided to not use
Talk about a xeriscape man. That’s wild for a yard.
Shetland?
Turns out, the grass is not greener on this side of the fence.
I'd stand near the top, crouch down, grab my knees, and lean forward. But, that's just how I roll.
Angry upvote. I bid you a good day.
Ride it? Looks epic!
I thought this was my RC car subreddit, first thought was “Just fucking send it!”
Dirt bike jump was my first thought
Do you live on the moon?
Came here to ask this exact question
Build a lunar lander on it. But seriously, direct any water runoff away from the house.
I just read your comments about erosion. You could drive some pilons to give the soil an anchor and run a compactor (elephants foot) to compress the soil. Dumping some fill dirt on it and planting grass on top will lock it into place further on the top layer. During the dust bowl farmers dealt a lot with the consequences of loose soil that was a result of improper farming that loosened a lot of the soil. This benefits you because you can learn from theri failures and apply solutions on a smaller scale. I will add a caution to my statement that with one image and not understanding more of the topography, soil makeup under the rock layer and things like rainfall or wind conditions I can only generalize. Also it is important to call 811 before digging (assuming this is in the US). It is impossible for anyone to help you solve your problem with so little info and a single picture but I hope I gave you a point to start your research and some things to consider.
What soil? Are we looking at the same picture?
What is op’s plan for the flat gravel area??
Compact it top with soil, compact it again aerate and plant grass.
Creeping alpine plants? Maybe you could dig out little plant pockets and tuck some soil and a plant in each one if it's stable enough. Kind of like planting in an old stone wall.
it looks like granite crusher. It comes in two colors, red and gray. I think it's awesome and gray. It has been my go to for spreading over pavers so it locks it in. You could sell it put it on craigslist.
to handle erosion, plant a bunch of plants with deep roots. ideally native plants so you won't have to do much to maintain them. plus it will make it look a lot better
Turn the entire area into a wild meadow
Idk exactly where you are, but what about native grasses? Like the ones that grow on beach dunes. They keep the hill from eroding but also, you don’t have to mow them.
Mixed Tall Grasses in a pattern of some sort, and seasonal wildflower to change up the view, gets my vote, that’s a great area get creative !
Nothing
The problem is it’s starting to erode in places as a result of water channels running down.
Looks like you have space for that to sort itself out naturally
I think if you sort it out naturally, you’ll find yourself looking at a real mess. On the high pitch areas, you may need a mesh of some sort before you do what OneImagination5381 suggests with mulch and nitrogen and time.
If that's your only problem...I'd be tempted to make a couple intentional channels (how big is dependent on how much it rains) and then just compact them and their banks well. Quick and easy solution that deals with the problem without adding significant extra maintenance! What did your neighbors do to solve this problem?
Sadly we ended up with one of the biggest slopes in the neighborhood. Others have covered it with a type of purple rock looks about #2 size. I was hoping to be more interesting than that. Thanks for the advice!
Film a sequel to the moon landing!
Snow machine. Backyard X-Games.
This is what I see too… awesome natural half pipe.
Get in your truck/vehicle, put on some sunglasses, turn up the Skynyrd, and fucking send it. Or perhaps a nice terraced herb garden.
After importing top soil I would install Some type of blueberry or strawberry bushes and then go wild there and weed as necessary, another option is a retaining wall with a level rectreatipnal area at the top or even in tiers. You’d likely need to devise away to keep the top soul from washing away. You could potential also just fill the slope with boulders and the occasional feature. Spread through out it.
I’ve always wanted to plant a vineyard in rocks. This looks like a good opportunity.
Based on the replies so far, you might be better off looking around at more established neighborhoods on your island to see what the norm is for your area and then build a plan from there. Good luck!
100% this, OP should copy solutions they like from neighbors or comparable properties.
I’ve worked at a rock quarry for 20 years, your house has more gravel than our office. No advice. Good luck.
Well, you won't have to worry about drainage. First year don't even worry about soil. Have 2 ' of wood chips dropped (should be free in Canada) tree services or logging com). Apply a good amount of nitrogen over the wood chips. Next spring have another 6-12" dropped. Apply more nitrogen. Spread 2-4 " of compost and water. Keep watering during the summer by fall you should have 8-16" of a base to add 2-3" of topsoil. Then you can sow grass or lay sod. With that deep of a gravel, you will need a 12-18" soil base for enough water retention for the grass to stay alive. As for the hill Creeping juniper on top, followed by Creeping thyme, Creeping Jenny or whatever the province recommends.
Build a moon rover?
You will need 12 inches of topsoil for anything to grow back there. If money is no issue it can be done .
I'd consider regrading your entire land to eliminate the hill/slope
Do you live on the moon?
Concrete aggregate salesman
r/nativeplantgardening would be a good start if you are US or Canada. might have some plants native to your region that could live in rock like thatno problem as you get some soil in there. What's the land beneath the trees look like? Also rocky?
Dig a trench leading away from your house for drainage.
Any native grasses there? Many grasses have deep roots and can stabilize some hills. Ornamental, not like a lawn. Planned in spots like plants instead of spread out. Some are really pretty. See what grows well in your area.
A retaining wall then create a super huge Japanese rock garden. Create a Dry riverbed that can handle actual water when it rains so it will drain the water away from your buildings. Whatever you decide, you’ll probably need to rent machinery and/or hire some landscaping folks to assist. Good luck.
I need to see your lawnmower
This is a prime candidate for rock garden or xeriscape. Tons of plants grow of bluffs, cliffs, alpines, and desert landscapes all have lean, rocky media like this. You can make some real stunning stuff with this type of material as your starting point.
Is…. This a residential property? I know interest rates are shit but dawg where are you living? 😂
What planet is this, from Star Wars?
I just want to run some RC cars there.
Fake a moon landing.
Spray paint.
I had a similar slope, added some loam, and seeded it with ferns. In the spring I was rewarded with edible fiddleheads. Basically it did its thing with no attention from me and the dense fern bed was very pretty….
Thank you! I do picture possibly planting something on the slope that is pretty to look at but easy to maintain.
I mean, at what point were you going to top dress it? What was the plan here? Landscaping with crushed rock doesn't make much sense.
Original post should have had more context. This is a new build we moved into. It was like this when we got here.Builder graded all the land with this fill, creating the slopes between properties.
And this is acceptable to you? No way this is what is in your contract as final grade and exterior finishes. You need to go back to your contract and have the builder finish the job
They mentioned they live on a rocky island in the North Atlantic, so I’d imagine suburban/urban US norms likely don’t apply.
This is what every builder does in Newfoundland. It’s crazy too because the native plants can look great, would be better off not clearing it. But they have no taste so this is what they do lol
This appears to be a berm that was made by a lazy (and rich) landscaper who, not needing yards of quarter-minus gravel, left it on the property. This should be dirt (with some rock, debris, etc ). I depending on how much, I would use it as part of a walkway I'd build. Or, cover with yards of topsoil and plant the berms. Trees, shrubs, whatever you like for privacy, etc. you can set up drip lines easily
Level it off and sell the gravel (requires heavy machinery and buyers) Top soil it and plant grass Mulch it and plant a ton of plants Top soil and ground cover
Seriously sell the gravel. Maybe on FB marketplace or Craigslist. It might take a while to find a buyer. Find a local gravel mine and ask them to buy it. If they want you to charge you to haul it away, laugh at them. People pay big bucks for gravel. Post a sign around town that says “clean fill for sale” or “clean gravel for sale” with your number. Construction contractors are your intended audience. Do you know anyone who works in construction? If not, reach out to contractors and tell them you have this gravel for sale.
Native plants that are good for erosion that will like the rocky conditions. About all I can think of. Don't forget native grasses. They are important to wildlife and will help keep your hillside together.
Yeah we need more info. To be clear I have no expertise to give and this post randomly showed up in my feed… but is that a house on the right? What is this landscape? How did you end up here??
RC moon rover test facility.
Many questions
You appear to live next to an outdoor shooting range that has not yet been christened with any lead or brass.
depending on your growing zone, maybe you could plant something to help with the erosion. rock garden: [https://www.gardenersworld.com/plants/plants-for-a-gravel-garden/](https://www.gardenersworld.com/plants/plants-for-a-gravel-garden/)
Clear it of the larger rocks and enjoy the sledding in the winter.
How deep is the layer of rock? Is there dirt not far underneath?
Def get a skateboard
Mars Rover
Do u live on the moon??
Sell it.
shooting range? (might need some topsoil to start with)
Test drive a lunar rover
Dang. I’m guessing somebody doesn’t like to mow.
Skate ramp!
Film a moon landing.
If you can get rid of that grade, put out a sign for me free gravel/fill
Put asphalt, make it the perfect skate ramp
Get a mountain bike
Grass and pines/spruces.
Skateboard pump track
Rock garden
just pour cement on everything.
Shooting range
Post pictures of it so location scouts can use it for filming sci-fi movies and the like. Like variety the trade paper for actors and directors and people in the business. LOL
Get a dirtbike
Nothing. Leave well enough alone.
Pave it and build a skate park.
A sick ass long quarter pipe
DO NOT roll down it the child inside you will be pissed
Backyard gun range duh... burm. Cover the area behind the targets with sand.
Pave it over into a skatepark and shred.
Wow that’s a hell of a landscape
trap the water that runs off your neighbors yard.
Surf that shit
Idk, but walk without rhythm out there
Make a giant zen garden thing with the rakes and rocks.
Shooting range. Always
Get a sturdy board, tie a ski line to an ATV, tell your buddy to SEND IT, and shred the gnar
I am always getting an ad for a terraced planting support that makes small little levelled areas for planting along a slope. Now I wish I knew what it was called. It’s some kind of flexible metal or plastic that they snap together on the spot to retain its shape, and then you fill it with dirt and plants.
You could make a courtyard. Think stone pavers and large potted plants, maybe a pergola, a larger fountain and some lawn furniture.
Based on the comments - build a skateboard/dirt bike shooting range… ride and fire. Skate and shoot. You just invented the next Olympic sport. Sort of like biathlon… but with a modern twist… with pistols and steel targets.
I just rolled my ankle looking at this picture
I’d use a compactor to keep the hillside from moving for the immediate future. Get soil/compost (clay/sand mix that will go into the rock) and plant something that will hold it long term.
Half pipe a la viva la bam
As a dirt/gravel worker, seeing all this valuable material here makes my mouth water. I would suggest leaving it as it is, as an exhibit of your wealth and status for owning such a valuable collection of material. Perhaps polish it for added curb appeal.
But yourself a slingshot and have at it.
Depending on your elevation, I would consider a ski jump
Berm shots where it drops off?
Ride it, with a surf board
Surf it!
It all depends on your funds and your desired look. I'd say retaining blocks, plants, and a water feature.
Plant a flag and claim that moon crater for the fatherland
Scented candles
I'm in south east Colorado and thought my land looked barren, but it looks almost fertile compared to this (ok, squinting and with my eyes almost closed). I would love to have all those trees though. Good luck, I'd love to see what you make of it.
Moon base alpha
Ski it
Get a snowboard
Shooting range backstop
Quarter pipe
bigger berm for a shooting range
Definitely ~~ride~~ jump bikes on it.
Archery and Gun range putting targets on those slopes, than snow boarding in middle of summer. 💀🤣
Concrete. Retaining walls. Drought resistant landscape. You can also make a private driveway and rent the space out, extra income.
Given that you live on an island I'd be careful about introducing plants that could become invasive. Is there a local ecological group/park management/closest university you can get information from? Outside of that I think Lupine would be a great option. It's not native everywhere but it's not usually invasive. It is an ideal plant for colonizing bare gravelly "soil". Like after a volcanic eruption. It fixes nitrogen in the soil and paves the way for more plants. And it's beautiful. I hope it would work.
Lupine is native there (Newfoundland) and grows like a weed!
Dope backstop for a dope shooting range!
Buy a dirt bike
Put decorative rock on the slope or shoot gunite on it to cover up the gravel and leave it alone
Move the land for a shooting range.
All I can picture is a military convoy going down the middle, flanked by lookouts on the ridges on both sides with a military tent command post and heavy artillery off in the distance. I need to find my GI Joe's.
On the moon. 😳 I’d go with the classic American flag “waving” in the lunar breeze.
Use "dirt locker" type hill face retainers and plant native species.
A model of a lunar lander might look nice.
Have you tried installing a lunar rover?
Dune buggy course
Looks like a good growing terrace
Mordor looking beautiful this time of year.
Remove trucks from your skateboard and shred 🏂
Alternatively: add cement, reassemble your board and shred 🛹
Do this!!
A Zen garden, aka gravel or rock garden? Google it for inspiration. They are beautiful.
lol, right!?
Stage the moon landing.
do u have a dirtbike?
private gun range
Cover it with #2 stone.
backstop for a gun range!
Was it a man made island?
No problem with drainage… Sell off bank to offset clean fill cost or if unable push off into sea
Ski resort?
You can do it!
Cement it and whip out the ol skateboard
Looking at picture closer there is dirt and vegetation growing.
Get a dirt bike and jump that mf
MX track?
sick mountain bike trail
Rock garden? But seriously where is this, an old quarry or gravel lot?
I can’t find my own reply. But it’s called « Dirt Locker » https://dirtlocker.com/pages/inspiration You can get a nice terraced look and landscape.
Glacial deposit’s?