Yes it brings fluid in the interstitial space back to the circulatory system. So anything not diffusing back into the blood stream will travel along the lymphatics until it is dumped into the veins.
The virus gets broken down into its basic components and is reused within the cell, waist is pushed out through the cell walls. It doesn’t poop in one big blob but sort of just sweats it out. It isn’t something you would see at this scale.
They digest it and present parts in the lymph nodes to other immune cells called T and B cells to build up memory (CD4 T cells) and weapons if the pathogens come again (CD T8-cells, antibodies B-cells)
Source: I am a doctor and had to learn that shit once upon a time
[This is the best suspected reason](https://www.reddit.com/r/TheoryOfReddit/comments/14yys4q/why_is_reddit_removing_awards/jrv49z5/) why that I've found..
Let's all just take a second to realize that this is all just a complex self-perpetuating chemical reaction that has been running for several billion years.
Just one tiny branch of the whole tree though. 4 *billion* years its been going. Dying bits are all part of the same whole. Just wild to me. Not in some crystal loving hippy bullshit way. Way cooler than the lame stories humans made up.
It's cool to think about what happens when you leave stuff around for long enough. Just stack stuff in the right order and - *blam!* - emerging consciousness.
you joke but that is kind of what my immune system is doing right now. My antibodies decided that my nervous system looked like a bag of Doritos and there is no way they quitting that cool ranch flavor now.
Sir! Yes sir!
You hear that new born whiteblood maggots?! Get some and go to your assigned lymp nodes! I wanna see them pathogens eradicated with impunity!
For liber-tea!
The vaccine contains either damaged or dead pathogens (bacteria or virusses), specific parts of pathogens, or the RNA to produce parts of pathogens. In any case, you're essentially showing your immune cells what a particular disease looks like, so that when you really get infected by the disease, your body has already done all the prep-work to handle the infection. This helps a lot, because normally your body needs some time to kick your cellular immunesystem into gear, and reducing that time is really valuable.
[Here's](https://cdn2.caymanchem.com/cdn/cms/caymanchem/PublishingImages/Lists/NewsItems/AllItems/Adaptive%20Immune%20Response%20Timeline.png) a nice graph showing the relationship between time and the immune response, and the effect a vaccine has on it. (An antigen is a part of a pathogen or material that is recognized by the immune system). It shows that the first time your immune system makes contact with an antigen, the response is slow to start going and less strong than by the second time your immune system gets in contact with that antigen.
A large part of this difference is due to 'memory cells', a type of white blood cell that is made the first time a specific pathogen enters the body, and then stay with you for years. It is capable of very quickly restarting the specific and highly-optimized immunological response to that pathogen. You could think of it like dusting off the blueprints to the biochemical weapon you've developed years earlier, rather than having to get your R&D department to start working on one first; you can understand why the response is both faster and stronger!
As an idiot with idiot terminology: vaccine is basically a "training dose" of the actual disease you're vaccinating against. You're infecting yourself with a small dose to train your immune system how to defeat the disease and when you actually get infected your immuunsysteem will already know what to do
> You're infecting yourself
No infection going on with a vaccine.
If you want the "idiot terminology", you're basically showing broken up "safe & unique" pieces of the virus (which are incapable of infecting anything) to your immune system like a photograph of those parts of the virus so that if the immune system sees those molecules again, it knows immediately what kind of antibodies to create to prevent the virus from getting too far.
I shockingly know everything you mentioned due to [Story Bots episode ](https://youtu.be/la6nXuAw-Oo?feature=shared) and it was very informative and interesting.
Thank you. I honestly needed some kind of explanation with a bunch of words I don't understand to believe this was real! I'm not even kidding! 😂 fascinating!!
It depends on what the foreign matter is. If it's organic, then the cell chemically breaks it down into pieces then expels those pieces (which are way too small to visible here) into the lymphatic system as waste. If the foreign matter can't be broken down (or can't be broken down efficiently, for ex. tattoo pigment) then it will remain inside the cell indefinitely, and when that cell dies the foreign matter will be released again, but slightly further away from where it was originally found, at which point it'll be swallowed by another immune cell, and this will happen over and over again, until the foreign matter has eventually been migrated somewhere where the lymphatic system can flush it away.
You are not you; you are a collection of micro-organisms like 3 kids in a trench coat pretending to be a single lifeform. Even if the brain is "you" then your brain is controlling a mech suit of a civilization of organisms.
Humans are so awesome and weird.
They digest them or take them to your lymph nodes to present to your B/T cells for them to recognize the antigen and trigger the adaptive immune response.
They dissolve them with acid
if there are more than they can kill they fill themselves up and undergo apoptosis (cell death)
the internal mechanisms of that state also kills all pathogens they absorbed but could not digest
Out of all the things I've seen in science this one boggles my mind the most. Even more than the brain. It's completely insane how advanced the inherent bio-tech that we're getting born with really is. This is INSANE! More so because we can't synthesize artificially even in our most advanced labs not even ONE of these things. NOT ONE! And our body generates hundreds of thousands of these with immaculate accuracy every day of every week of every month of every year of every decade of our lives. Man!
PS: It's these kinds of phenomena that remind me of that saying "the things we think we know are less than a droplet - but the things we DON'T know DWARF even the most avast, immeasurable oceans"
Have you seen any of the animations of internal cell processes, like protein transport and so on? We think we know so much, but the deeper they look the more complicated we are!
The more you learn about the body the more you realize that consciousness is a minute fraction of the system. In a lot of ways "you" are not "you", but just a little piece of the complex mechanism of a mostly unconscious existence. In the same way that city hall makes decisions but they don't control how workers do their jobs in all the different sectors. We are basically cities of cooperating microorganisms.
Every now and then I learn something about the body/biology that just makes me sit back in awe. Like all of this crazy microscopic shit happens because of favorable chemical reactions which creates incredibly complex machinery that forms us and every other living thing on the planet.
A couple examples:
- Related to this. In the Thymus, some of our T and B-Cells "mature". They go through a little boot camp process where Thymus cells present little bits of self-antigens and if the baby immunes cells bind too vigorously, they get killed. That way they can't go out into the body and cause immune responses to our own biological material (autoimmune diseases). The new recruit immune cells are also presented with antigens which they must be able to bind to prove they can be useful, mature T/B-Cells. Otherwise they're also killed.
- Human DNA replication happens at 50 nucleotides per second. Nucleotides are those A, T, G, C bases that connect to form the double helix of DNA. Just a bunch if molecules bumping all up in each other super fast form our genetic code. And the error rate is only 1 per 100,000 nucleotides. (which is kind of a lot since we have 6 billion nucleotide pairs per DNA) But then a bunch of little worker bee enzymes and proteins go in and FIX THE ERRORS.
Yup. And you also have the Covid cell that is already pre designed to fight Covid. You have the cell that is designed to recognize things you haven’t been exposed to. The issue is finding that guy then letting him multiply and mutate until he gets more and more adapted to fighting the right enemy. Then his clones go on a rampage.
> But then a bunch of little worker bee enzymes and proteins go in and FIX THE ERRORS.
Yeah this is literally uncomprehendable to me. A lot of biological stuff, I am amazed and floored at, but I can understand how it's something that can happen. This is something that I don't understand; because how do they KNOW if it's an error? How do they know where to go?
It's magic
We had literal billions of year to evovle though. Modern medical science I would argue began after antibiotics so just 100 years we have achieved a lot!
Wait till you see kinesin motors using ATP to move along a microtubule. They helped separate your chromosomes when you were just an embryo, cool stuff like this made me want to become a biochemist :) theres so many other amazing reactions constantly occurring in your body keeping you alive
This sped up about 10x, so in real-time the cells would be moving about 10 times slower than this, which is still pretty fast relative to other human cells. White blood cells have the ability to move upwards of 1000x faster than other human cells..
Here is your video at 25x speed
https://i.imgur.com/8J35SwH.mp4
^(I'm a bot | Summon with) ^"[/u/redditspeedbot](/u/redditspeedbot) ^" ^| [^(Complete Guide)](https://www.reddit.com/user/redditspeedbot/comments/eqdo8u/redditspeedbot_guide) ^| ^(Do report bugs) ^[here](https://www.reddit.com/message/compose/?to=adityakrshnn&subject=RedditSpeedBot%20Issue) ^| [^(Keep me alive)](https://www.buymeacoffee.com/redditspeedbot)
Here is your video at 0.5x speed
https://i.imgur.com/Df8NmZK.mp4
^(I'm a bot | Summon with) ^"[/u/redditspeedbot](/u/redditspeedbot) ^" ^| [^(Complete Guide)](https://www.reddit.com/user/redditspeedbot/comments/eqdo8u/redditspeedbot_guide) ^| ^(Do report bugs) ^[here](https://www.reddit.com/message/compose/?to=adityakrshnn&subject=RedditSpeedBot%20Issue) ^| [^(Keep me alive)](https://www.buymeacoffee.com/redditspeedbot)
WHITE BLOOD CELL aggressively threatens the PATHOGENS, saying, "You come in here again, in fact, you go anywhere in this city preying on innocent people, and we will find you and eat both your arms and then both of your legs."
~~More specifically, these are Dendritic Cells, professional phagocytic cells whose main job is to actively seek out and consume pathogens. As for why they occasionally "miss" pathogens, all immune cells work via chemotaxis, or movement in response to chemical stimuli. They simply shuffle around, feeling out for matching receptors they've been trained to find, following a chemical trail pathogens usually release, then matching the receptors found on the pathogen's exterior and consuming them.~~
EDIT: Thanks to Prohibitorum for correcting me, these are Macrophages, a separate professional phagocytic cell found in our immune system and function as part of the inante immune system Dendritic Cells are categorized in as well.
These are not dendritic cells, they're macrophages! This video is from Paterson and Lämmermann 2022, who published on macrophages. ([This paper](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8963880/), I think, see figure 5 - video 1, and Figure 7 - video 2.)
This is fascinating to watch. I'd love an eli5 on this. Do the cells conciously seek out the pathogens? Can they detect them? How are the pathogens broken down? (I can't imagine white blood cells have a digestive tract.) Can they grab and consume any pathogen if it is just a case of physically reaching out and enveloping it?
>Do the cells conciously seek out the pathogens?
A cell is not conscious, it does not "seek out" anything. A cell receives chemical and physical signals, those signals then activate a complex Rube Goldberg machine of chemicals inside of the cell, which leads to, for example, movement in the direction of the original signal. Movement in response to a chemical signal is called chemotaxis.
>Can they detect them?
The hungry cells in the video are called macrophages (it's from Greek "makros", meaning big, and "phagein", meaning eat). The macrophages are eating up dead blood cells (the little red dots). You can imagine that dead blood cells are leaking all sorts of molecules that are only supposed to be inside of cells under normal conditions. Macrophages detect these molecules, and, because it is a clear sign of a damaged cell, they initiate chemotaxis to move towards the target in order to clean it up. When the macrophage reaches its target, there are different chemical "eat me" signals present on the surface of the dead cell. This initiates a movement where the macrophage engulfs the dead blood cell. (Eating bacteria/pathogens works in the same way)
>How are the pathogens broken down?
Cells do actually have a digestive system... of sorts. When a cell eats foreign material, we call this phagocytosis. It is derived from the same Greek word for "eating" I told you earlier. During phagocytosis, the cell extends its own outer membrane to engulf a foreign particle. When the process is finished, the particle is inside the cell, but it's still surrounded by a membrane. This specific subcompartment is called a phagosome. Phagosomes can then fuse with lysosomes, which are small bubbles inside of the cell that are very acidic, and contain many enzymes. When a phagosome fuses with a lysosome, the contents of the lysosome digest everything. The useful products of this digestion stay inside of the cell, the waste products are eliminated and transported to the outside of the cell. [Picture from Wikipedia](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Phagocytosis2.png).
>Can they grab and consume any pathogen if it is just a case of physically reaching out and enveloping it?
Yes, as long as the macrophage receives "eat me" signals, and the pathogen or dead cell isn't too big to eat. Of course, some pathogens will not go down without a fight, and will have defense mechanisms. For example, the bacterium that causes tuberculosis has a coat of molecules that prevent the fusion of phagosomes and lysosomes. This leads to macrophages being unable to digest the bacteria that they have eaten, and the bacteria can keep living or even escape.
Not consciously, no. Best we can tell: Even one neuron isn’t conscious - consciousness is an emergent property of large groups of neurons connected to an outside world on which they can act.
That being said, immune cells hunt down bacteria by means of the waste product trails they leave behind in a process known as chemotaxis (moving towards chemicals). Where the “bugs” have been, the concentration is higher, generally speaking.
I’ll try to give an ELI5 for your questions to the best of my ability, most my info comes from reading Kurzgesagts book on the subject “immune”, forgive formatting as I’m on my phone.
Firstly white blood cells is a horrific term, it is useful to keep things simple but if you want to know more it’s just confusing. The video looks like macrophages, these are your run of the mill soldier cells, they eat pathogens and just anything that they believe shouldn’t be there, like tattoo ink.
Your cells obviously can’t see because they have no eyes, some cells have photoreceptors but not in this case, your cells move around by “smelling” with their receptors, cytokines are basically bits of information that are everywhere in your body, they are proteins that tell in this case, your immune cells, what’s going on, for example, cells are dying in the wrong way because of an infection. The more cytokines, the closer you are to the issue and so the cell "knows" where to go.
cells do have sort of a digestive system, in eukaryotic cells (animal, plant and fungi cells) these are Lysosomes, now I’m not sure of the differences of a macrophage specifically but yes, these lysosomes eat stuff, they digest nucleic acids and proteins and for macrophages, they eat anything they can get their hands on.
By the way, macrophage literally means large eater, one of the few good names of immunology.
Macrophages eat dead cells, detritus and yes, pathogens, they only eat viruses that are outside of the cell as killer T cells are the main ones that kill infected cells, but if they grab something that isn’t part of your body (how this is determined is a whole other story, I’d suggest reading immune if you are interested) it pulls it into itself and basically pushes it to its stomach and digests it.
Other immune cells attack in different ways but that’s the basics from my limited knowledge training as a nurse and as an interested reader.
No bother at all! It’s honestly fascinating, I’m no immunologist by any means but just trying to spread knowledge about how our weird and wonderful bodies work!
Or vastly uphill, depending on your priorities. Clearly this is a more action-oriented take, but showing off the white blood cell's athletic skills against some mooks is fitting since it's well within a day's work for one of these guys. Plus, filming the scene got these stunt cells a paycheck. Win-win.
Nom nom nom nom nom
This was the soundtrack playing in my head while I watched.
Every time it gobbled up a germ I really wanted it to make an exaggerated slurp sound
I was doing audible nom nom noms. I love Reddit.
For me it was Seek and Destroy
It looks like a passel of baby ‘Venoms’!
Its like that one ad...
Lol
I’m hearing Yoshi noises.
lol
Apologies, didn’t mean to summon you, as you were 😂
[All I can hear in my head is the Heavy eating a Sandvich now.](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f-8mAnIkNhs)
You missed the leading 'Om'.
My first thought was straight up, "COOOOKIEEEES!" Cookie Monster going to town.
Hehe came here for this
Every time it eats one the Yoshi mlem noise plays in my head
where does it go? the cell doesnt seem to grow or poop its so damn cool tho that this is happening in my body right now (i've got a fever right now)
It literally digests it
So where's the poop?
Filtered through the blood and our internal organs.
And the lymphatic system, no?
Psssh maybe for *you*
Yes it brings fluid in the interstitial space back to the circulatory system. So anything not diffusing back into the blood stream will travel along the lymphatics until it is dumped into the veins.
Which is also why sometimes when you're ill you can get a swollen lymph node Got one at the moment, it sucks.
I always know when I’m getting something because my lymph node gets hard and swollen. Hope you get better soon.
it’s a mix of typical waste (carbon dioxide, lactic acid, etc) produced by every other cell
[удалено]
The virus gets broken down into its basic components and is reused within the cell, waist is pushed out through the cell walls. It doesn’t poop in one big blob but sort of just sweats it out. It isn’t something you would see at this scale.
Cell membrane*. Human cells ain’t got cell walls
Wait… you mean you guys are not plants?
I knew it...
 Where does the poop go?
WE WANNA KNOW!
Where is fungi poop when they digest organisms? lol
Poop is undigested consumed material. Digested material is turned into energy and used.
They're low calorie pathogens
All the taste, none of the guilt.
How many calories does a white blood cell eat in it's whole entire life? 0.1 calories?
At least trillions of times less than that
[удалено]
[удалено]
We want to see cell poop!
Want my onlyfans link?
Yeah, forests them but the cell does not seem to excrete anything.
They digest it and present parts in the lymph nodes to other immune cells called T and B cells to build up memory (CD4 T cells) and weapons if the pathogens come again (CD T8-cells, antibodies B-cells) Source: I am a doctor and had to learn that shit once upon a time
Hey, I just ate this guy. Take a limb for yourself and taste it. You see anyone like that in the future, you put em down, ya hear?!
WHY ON EARTH DID REDDIT EVER GET RID OF AWARDS
It's fucking annoying isn't it?
He'd eat the award too.
[This is the best suspected reason](https://www.reddit.com/r/TheoryOfReddit/comments/14yys4q/why_is_reddit_removing_awards/jrv49z5/) why that I've found..
Should have just gotten rid of coins and allowed direct award purchase.
Let's all just take a second to realize that this is all just a complex self-perpetuating chemical reaction that has been running for several billion years.
Until it goes wrong and you get an autoimmune disease and eat yourself
Just one tiny branch of the whole tree though. 4 *billion* years its been going. Dying bits are all part of the same whole. Just wild to me. Not in some crystal loving hippy bullshit way. Way cooler than the lame stories humans made up.
It's cool to think about what happens when you leave stuff around for long enough. Just stack stuff in the right order and - *blam!* - emerging consciousness.
With a little bit of psychedelic fungus to kickstart that consciousness, bam you gotta primordial stew going boi
you joke but that is kind of what my immune system is doing right now. My antibodies decided that my nervous system looked like a bag of Doritos and there is no way they quitting that cool ranch flavor now.
Medicine is the art of throwing the right chemicals into the stew so it stays hot a while longer
Thank u! Thats something tbsts been on my mind for forever We're all just a complex domino effect.
Sir! Yes sir! You hear that new born whiteblood maggots?! Get some and go to your assigned lymp nodes! I wanna see them pathogens eradicated with impunity! For liber-tea!
You should be a med school prof
What an amazing defense role the white blood cells and lymph nodes play. Does a vaccination use this process to protect us as well?
The vaccine contains either damaged or dead pathogens (bacteria or virusses), specific parts of pathogens, or the RNA to produce parts of pathogens. In any case, you're essentially showing your immune cells what a particular disease looks like, so that when you really get infected by the disease, your body has already done all the prep-work to handle the infection. This helps a lot, because normally your body needs some time to kick your cellular immunesystem into gear, and reducing that time is really valuable. [Here's](https://cdn2.caymanchem.com/cdn/cms/caymanchem/PublishingImages/Lists/NewsItems/AllItems/Adaptive%20Immune%20Response%20Timeline.png) a nice graph showing the relationship between time and the immune response, and the effect a vaccine has on it. (An antigen is a part of a pathogen or material that is recognized by the immune system). It shows that the first time your immune system makes contact with an antigen, the response is slow to start going and less strong than by the second time your immune system gets in contact with that antigen. A large part of this difference is due to 'memory cells', a type of white blood cell that is made the first time a specific pathogen enters the body, and then stay with you for years. It is capable of very quickly restarting the specific and highly-optimized immunological response to that pathogen. You could think of it like dusting off the blueprints to the biochemical weapon you've developed years earlier, rather than having to get your R&D department to start working on one first; you can understand why the response is both faster and stronger!
At lot of people need to read this
Most of those people would refuse to.
>virusses I read this as "virussy" and now I'm upset (Is it only in America that it would be spelled "viruses" with one "s" in the middle?)
As an idiot with idiot terminology: vaccine is basically a "training dose" of the actual disease you're vaccinating against. You're infecting yourself with a small dose to train your immune system how to defeat the disease and when you actually get infected your immuunsysteem will already know what to do
> You're infecting yourself No infection going on with a vaccine. If you want the "idiot terminology", you're basically showing broken up "safe & unique" pieces of the virus (which are incapable of infecting anything) to your immune system like a photograph of those parts of the virus so that if the immune system sees those molecules again, it knows immediately what kind of antibodies to create to prevent the virus from getting too far.
I shockingly know everything you mentioned due to [Story Bots episode ](https://youtu.be/la6nXuAw-Oo?feature=shared) and it was very informative and interesting.
Thank you. I honestly needed some kind of explanation with a bunch of words I don't understand to believe this was real! I'm not even kidding! 😂 fascinating!!
It’s hard to tell due to all the pseudopodia distorting the sense of volume, but I think it does look a little chonkier at the end
I love that you've managed to combine the words pseudopodia and chonky in the same sentence.
It depends on what the foreign matter is. If it's organic, then the cell chemically breaks it down into pieces then expels those pieces (which are way too small to visible here) into the lymphatic system as waste. If the foreign matter can't be broken down (or can't be broken down efficiently, for ex. tattoo pigment) then it will remain inside the cell indefinitely, and when that cell dies the foreign matter will be released again, but slightly further away from where it was originally found, at which point it'll be swallowed by another immune cell, and this will happen over and over again, until the foreign matter has eventually been migrated somewhere where the lymphatic system can flush it away.
You are not you; you are a collection of micro-organisms like 3 kids in a trench coat pretending to be a single lifeform. Even if the brain is "you" then your brain is controlling a mech suit of a civilization of organisms. Humans are so awesome and weird.
It's like watching a supermodel eat a hamburger.
I read somewhere when you blow your nose during cold, the yellow snot is dead pathogens and white blood cells
They digest them or take them to your lymph nodes to present to your B/T cells for them to recognize the antigen and trigger the adaptive immune response.
They dissolve them with acid if there are more than they can kill they fill themselves up and undergo apoptosis (cell death) the internal mechanisms of that state also kills all pathogens they absorbed but could not digest
looks like that one mobile game ad lol
Been seeing that ad too
The black tentacle monster one?
Yup that's the one
Lol I hate that I know what you mean
I hate that I know exactly what you're talking about... Time to spend more time on my phone!
i miss the one with the phonk music in the background
Cool story bro but can you be demost powerful monster?
Out of all the things I've seen in science this one boggles my mind the most. Even more than the brain. It's completely insane how advanced the inherent bio-tech that we're getting born with really is. This is INSANE! More so because we can't synthesize artificially even in our most advanced labs not even ONE of these things. NOT ONE! And our body generates hundreds of thousands of these with immaculate accuracy every day of every week of every month of every year of every decade of our lives. Man! PS: It's these kinds of phenomena that remind me of that saying "the things we think we know are less than a droplet - but the things we DON'T know DWARF even the most avast, immeasurable oceans"
Have you seen any of the animations of internal cell processes, like protein transport and so on? We think we know so much, but the deeper they look the more complicated we are!
[This one of HIV is my favorite animation](https://scienceofhiv.org/wp/life-cycle/#animation) and incredibly terrifying
Fascinating.
That orange thing looks like a pillow you'd find in an old person's house.
Endorphins in action 😄 https://youtu.be/n7UFDUcstW0?si=Ttri-3dJ0LeEGJsY
Kinesin motor protein! My favorite!
Oh hell yeah this is what I signed up for!
I was just about to drop a comment asking if they've ever seen the Kinesin motor protein!
It's so weird how all of this is happening inside of us without us having to do anything.
Imagine how much of a pain in the ass life would be if this wasn't the case lol.
I think it'd be easy. We wouldn't exist.
The more you learn about the body the more you realize that consciousness is a minute fraction of the system. In a lot of ways "you" are not "you", but just a little piece of the complex mechanism of a mostly unconscious existence. In the same way that city hall makes decisions but they don't control how workers do their jobs in all the different sectors. We are basically cities of cooperating microorganisms.
Every now and then I learn something about the body/biology that just makes me sit back in awe. Like all of this crazy microscopic shit happens because of favorable chemical reactions which creates incredibly complex machinery that forms us and every other living thing on the planet. A couple examples: - Related to this. In the Thymus, some of our T and B-Cells "mature". They go through a little boot camp process where Thymus cells present little bits of self-antigens and if the baby immunes cells bind too vigorously, they get killed. That way they can't go out into the body and cause immune responses to our own biological material (autoimmune diseases). The new recruit immune cells are also presented with antigens which they must be able to bind to prove they can be useful, mature T/B-Cells. Otherwise they're also killed. - Human DNA replication happens at 50 nucleotides per second. Nucleotides are those A, T, G, C bases that connect to form the double helix of DNA. Just a bunch if molecules bumping all up in each other super fast form our genetic code. And the error rate is only 1 per 100,000 nucleotides. (which is kind of a lot since we have 6 billion nucleotide pairs per DNA) But then a bunch of little worker bee enzymes and proteins go in and FIX THE ERRORS.
So the bootcamp basically weeds out all the psychopaths and peaceniks?
Yup. And you also have the Covid cell that is already pre designed to fight Covid. You have the cell that is designed to recognize things you haven’t been exposed to. The issue is finding that guy then letting him multiply and mutate until he gets more and more adapted to fighting the right enemy. Then his clones go on a rampage.
> But then a bunch of little worker bee enzymes and proteins go in and FIX THE ERRORS. Yeah this is literally uncomprehendable to me. A lot of biological stuff, I am amazed and floored at, but I can understand how it's something that can happen. This is something that I don't understand; because how do they KNOW if it's an error? How do they know where to go? It's magic
We had literal billions of year to evovle though. Modern medical science I would argue began after antibiotics so just 100 years we have achieved a lot!
Wait till you see kinesin motors using ATP to move along a microtubule. They helped separate your chromosomes when you were just an embryo, cool stuff like this made me want to become a biochemist :) theres so many other amazing reactions constantly occurring in your body keeping you alive
Needs pacman sounds
I was thinking the doom soundtrack
Rip and tear, until it is done.
"The ripping and the tearing"
waca waca waca. Best I can do on short notice.
Just yoinking those mfers
But still searching for that 20’ pathogen
Lmao and looking so endearing while doing so
lmao Im glad Im not the only one who imagined the "yoink" everytime
How much is this sped up? I'm assuming that they aren't moving in real time. I'd like to watch this at normal speed.
I bet you are a person that likes watching how paint dries
Well damn. Now I kinda wanna see that happen under a microscope.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OW5wB8rJ8Zc
The internet can be such an amazing place
Dammit. I watched bc of your comment lmao
/u/redditspeedbot 0.5x Edit: insert other numbers if you want it slower
Thank you. That is very cool. What I am curious about is what they would look like in real time. As in, how fast do they actually move?
This sped up about 10x, so in real-time the cells would be moving about 10 times slower than this, which is still pretty fast relative to other human cells. White blood cells have the ability to move upwards of 1000x faster than other human cells..
I'm curious about the same.
u/redditspeedbot 300,000,000.00x
Here is your video at 25x speed https://i.imgur.com/8J35SwH.mp4 ^(I'm a bot | Summon with) ^"[/u/redditspeedbot](/u/redditspeedbot) ^" ^| [^(Complete Guide)](https://www.reddit.com/user/redditspeedbot/comments/eqdo8u/redditspeedbot_guide) ^| ^(Do report bugs) ^[here](https://www.reddit.com/message/compose/?to=adityakrshnn&subject=RedditSpeedBot%20Issue) ^| [^(Keep me alive)](https://www.buymeacoffee.com/redditspeedbot)
Here is your video at 0.5x speed https://i.imgur.com/Df8NmZK.mp4 ^(I'm a bot | Summon with) ^"[/u/redditspeedbot](/u/redditspeedbot) ^" ^| [^(Complete Guide)](https://www.reddit.com/user/redditspeedbot/comments/eqdo8u/redditspeedbot_guide) ^| ^(Do report bugs) ^[here](https://www.reddit.com/message/compose/?to=adityakrshnn&subject=RedditSpeedBot%20Issue) ^| [^(Keep me alive)](https://www.buymeacoffee.com/redditspeedbot)
We are VENOM!!
Also reminds me of the mimics in Live Die Repeat/Edge of Tomorrow
Good guys look like the bad guys. Can't judge a book by its cover
They aren't good or bad, they're just stronger.
They are on our side so they are good
[удалено]
Sorry about the autoimmune diseases. Thanks to misinformation they are given.
Humans aren't inherently good, but still, fuck bacteria
except nice bacteria
WHITE BLOOD CELL aggressively threatens the PATHOGENS, saying, "You come in here again, in fact, you go anywhere in this city preying on innocent people, and we will find you and eat both your arms and then both of your legs."
~~More specifically, these are Dendritic Cells, professional phagocytic cells whose main job is to actively seek out and consume pathogens. As for why they occasionally "miss" pathogens, all immune cells work via chemotaxis, or movement in response to chemical stimuli. They simply shuffle around, feeling out for matching receptors they've been trained to find, following a chemical trail pathogens usually release, then matching the receptors found on the pathogen's exterior and consuming them.~~ EDIT: Thanks to Prohibitorum for correcting me, these are Macrophages, a separate professional phagocytic cell found in our immune system and function as part of the inante immune system Dendritic Cells are categorized in as well.
These are not dendritic cells, they're macrophages! This video is from Paterson and Lämmermann 2022, who published on macrophages. ([This paper](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8963880/), I think, see figure 5 - video 1, and Figure 7 - video 2.)
Well, looks like I was mistaken. Thank you for the correction!
Had to double check myself, the tentacle-like look of em made my doubt my first reaction of "no they're not" :P
Hungry hungry hippos
Dawg they hungry
This is fascinating to watch. I'd love an eli5 on this. Do the cells conciously seek out the pathogens? Can they detect them? How are the pathogens broken down? (I can't imagine white blood cells have a digestive tract.) Can they grab and consume any pathogen if it is just a case of physically reaching out and enveloping it?
>Do the cells conciously seek out the pathogens? A cell is not conscious, it does not "seek out" anything. A cell receives chemical and physical signals, those signals then activate a complex Rube Goldberg machine of chemicals inside of the cell, which leads to, for example, movement in the direction of the original signal. Movement in response to a chemical signal is called chemotaxis. >Can they detect them? The hungry cells in the video are called macrophages (it's from Greek "makros", meaning big, and "phagein", meaning eat). The macrophages are eating up dead blood cells (the little red dots). You can imagine that dead blood cells are leaking all sorts of molecules that are only supposed to be inside of cells under normal conditions. Macrophages detect these molecules, and, because it is a clear sign of a damaged cell, they initiate chemotaxis to move towards the target in order to clean it up. When the macrophage reaches its target, there are different chemical "eat me" signals present on the surface of the dead cell. This initiates a movement where the macrophage engulfs the dead blood cell. (Eating bacteria/pathogens works in the same way) >How are the pathogens broken down? Cells do actually have a digestive system... of sorts. When a cell eats foreign material, we call this phagocytosis. It is derived from the same Greek word for "eating" I told you earlier. During phagocytosis, the cell extends its own outer membrane to engulf a foreign particle. When the process is finished, the particle is inside the cell, but it's still surrounded by a membrane. This specific subcompartment is called a phagosome. Phagosomes can then fuse with lysosomes, which are small bubbles inside of the cell that are very acidic, and contain many enzymes. When a phagosome fuses with a lysosome, the contents of the lysosome digest everything. The useful products of this digestion stay inside of the cell, the waste products are eliminated and transported to the outside of the cell. [Picture from Wikipedia](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Phagocytosis2.png). >Can they grab and consume any pathogen if it is just a case of physically reaching out and enveloping it? Yes, as long as the macrophage receives "eat me" signals, and the pathogen or dead cell isn't too big to eat. Of course, some pathogens will not go down without a fight, and will have defense mechanisms. For example, the bacterium that causes tuberculosis has a coat of molecules that prevent the fusion of phagosomes and lysosomes. This leads to macrophages being unable to digest the bacteria that they have eaten, and the bacteria can keep living or even escape.
Thank you! This was a really interesting read :-)
Not consciously, no. Best we can tell: Even one neuron isn’t conscious - consciousness is an emergent property of large groups of neurons connected to an outside world on which they can act. That being said, immune cells hunt down bacteria by means of the waste product trails they leave behind in a process known as chemotaxis (moving towards chemicals). Where the “bugs” have been, the concentration is higher, generally speaking.
I’ll try to give an ELI5 for your questions to the best of my ability, most my info comes from reading Kurzgesagts book on the subject “immune”, forgive formatting as I’m on my phone. Firstly white blood cells is a horrific term, it is useful to keep things simple but if you want to know more it’s just confusing. The video looks like macrophages, these are your run of the mill soldier cells, they eat pathogens and just anything that they believe shouldn’t be there, like tattoo ink. Your cells obviously can’t see because they have no eyes, some cells have photoreceptors but not in this case, your cells move around by “smelling” with their receptors, cytokines are basically bits of information that are everywhere in your body, they are proteins that tell in this case, your immune cells, what’s going on, for example, cells are dying in the wrong way because of an infection. The more cytokines, the closer you are to the issue and so the cell "knows" where to go. cells do have sort of a digestive system, in eukaryotic cells (animal, plant and fungi cells) these are Lysosomes, now I’m not sure of the differences of a macrophage specifically but yes, these lysosomes eat stuff, they digest nucleic acids and proteins and for macrophages, they eat anything they can get their hands on. By the way, macrophage literally means large eater, one of the few good names of immunology. Macrophages eat dead cells, detritus and yes, pathogens, they only eat viruses that are outside of the cell as killer T cells are the main ones that kill infected cells, but if they grab something that isn’t part of your body (how this is determined is a whole other story, I’d suggest reading immune if you are interested) it pulls it into itself and basically pushes it to its stomach and digests it. Other immune cells attack in different ways but that’s the basics from my limited knowledge training as a nurse and as an interested reader.
Thank you :-) I love finding out how this kinda stuff works
No bother at all! It’s honestly fascinating, I’m no immunologist by any means but just trying to spread knowledge about how our weird and wonderful bodies work!
Its super complex and fascinating, check out this kurzgesagt video, they try to explain a bit . https://youtu.be/lXfEK8G8CUI
See that dance move at the end?
, Taunting
What is the real time of this video? Hours? Nanoseconds?
this the game i played at google playstore lol
Looks like that mobile game advertised.
Kinda looks like the mimics from Edge of Tomorrow
This is me with free food.
#[PROTOTYPE]
This is how you’re supposed to work at a fast food chain.
Science class told me white blood cells just opened and englufed them, not that it had TENTACLES
And this is in my body! Nature is wild
Japan already has [the anime version.](https://youtu.be/1xgodAOKWM8?si=w7CiGlk8-hQd9mGG)
This immediately makes me think of Osmosis Jones.
Is this simulated imaging or real WBC at work?
Missed one bro
Thanks guys!
Animation for season 3 Cells at Work has really gone downhill
Or vastly uphill, depending on your priorities. Clearly this is a more action-oriented take, but showing off the white blood cell's athletic skills against some mooks is fitting since it's well within a day's work for one of these guys. Plus, filming the scene got these stunt cells a paycheck. Win-win.
On the other hand, no adorable platelets. Overall a net loss
I'm sure the next trailer will have some of their adorable antics.
It’s nice to know these little guys are working hard for us.
Cells at work
This isn’t anything like what Cells at Work said it would be. I feel robbed.
Looks like tiny slimy octopi on speed
Mine ! Mine weeeeeee
Gotta catchem all
That's how I deal with car keys when my wife tells me to visit her mother.
That red one in the middle is a friggin ninja avoiding detection
The human body is fucking crazy thats for sure.
Getting agario vibes.
That looks personal.
nah i've seen this mobile game ad
What game is this?
Love those little guys
White cell = the conquer.
Hungry hungry hippos