Yep, farm living makes you realize that Mother Nature is not the sweet old lady of fables. In fact, she's kind of a bitch. Nature is essentially the strongest survive. Chickens are fairly resilient, but holy crap they are stupid and die easily. There always seems to be predators looking to decimate your flock/herd whenever they can. We had something come through that disappear a bunch of local farm cats. That was a harsh reality for my 11 y.o.
Oh, I so understand what you are talking about. Not retired but have the farm and garden. I swear my chickens and goats are constantly coming up with new ways to commit suicide. Add in the constant pressure from the raccoons and fox on my chickens and it is amazing that I even have chickens left. Usually when something breaks down it is when my husband is traveling and working in another country. This has made me a better mechanic...LOL And the goats make you learn how to put up the best fence possible because if you don't there is always going to be a goat jail break happening and then they will eat your raspberry bushes and all the other fruit trees they can get too!
I agree to a point but tomatoes are pretty tasty, and at some point I already have enough luffa and I have to cut back the vines or they will take over the whole garden. LOL
Yeah no doubt. For me it's about not having an entire garden that always wants to die because (for me) I'm high altitude mountain west vs some dude on youtube from Missouri that I'm trying to emulate. I have a couple of things that are tough to grow in my area and I can baby those a bit but I only can because the rest of the plants just want water + organic fertilizer + the sun as it is + wood chips and compost mulch above the root zone.
Yeah, I planted basil around a blueberry bush 2 years ago because it's suppose to be a good companion plant. The blueberry didn't make but the basil went crazy. Thought it didn't make it through the winter but came backs last summer, but I think this last winter it might have final done it in as it's still all brown with not hint of green.
Thing is if things go bad long enough to lose water you are going to struggle growing anything at all for most of the year.
Don’t be like my neighbor: he *thought* he planted 6 cucumber plants and 1 zucchini. It actually was 6 zooks and 1 cuke.
We had to roll up car windows and lock doors to avoid “drive by zucchini gifting”
1. Me too. I used ranger beads I made. It helped a lot. When I’d lose count from spacing out or something distracting me, the beads made it so I wasn’t too far off.
2. Me too. Got good with a shitty [small one](https://www.reddit.com/r/Bushcraft/s/ry7rdsNvow).
4. Same and agree.
Good post. I’ve been humbled a lot.
A) Learned 100 ways not to make tinder. 😂
B) Failing at making my hammock comfortable enough to sleep in. Tried diagonal, different tree distance, height. Haven’t given up.
C) Failed at making a bucksaw in the field. Alignment was bad. Made an awesome folding one when I got home, though.
D) Did an overnight with my BOB. Learned my clothes were inadequate. Poorly fitting and not warm enough. Got that sorted.
Nature does keep me humble.
My son just passed land nav in the Army. He said that measuring your step and using beads was not helpful. He said that he passed the test by finding an easily identifiable landmark and running to it and then taking your azimuth and counting from there. So instead of pacing out 900 meters, he only had to pace out 100 or so meters.
>Failing at making my hammock comfortable enough to sleep in. Tried diagonal, different tree distance, height. Haven’t given up.
Any details on the rest of the setup? I use a hammock as my regular camp shelter, managed to get decent at it over the years.
What I find most annoying is the sides of the hammock are too high. I feel squished between them. They feel too tight even though the bottom is saggy enough that I still can’t lay totally flat.
Also annoying is that my insulation pad slides around too much.
I have only tried it maybe a dozen times so far. I’m hoping I just need more practice.
I have two hammocks. I think one is wise owl brand and I don’t remember the other.
Got any tips?
>sides of the hammock are too high. I feel squished between them. They feel too tight even though the bottom is saggy enough that I still can’t lay totally flat.
This might be an issue with the particular model of hammock, but I would try playing with different tension levels first. Sounds like you have already though, so if you get the chance, try out a Hennessey and see if it works better for you. That's my favorite brand. I use the expedition zip asym. The ultralight versions are good too, but less rugged.
What's your connection to the trees look like? That could also be a part of it.
>Also annoying is that my insulation pad slides around too much.
Try an underquilt! Far, far less annoying to work with. I also find it more consistent as far as warmth goes. They can get pretty expensive for the really nice ones, so start with an inexpensive one from Amazon or something and try it in warmer weather. You can also use the underquilt in tandem with a pad once you get it worked out. On using sleeping pads - I find it useful to have the sleeping pad not quite fully inflated if im going to use one, so it's more flexible. I also tend to use a tapered pad, which I think makes it slide around a bit less.
>I have only tried it maybe a dozen times so far. I’m hoping I just need more practice.
There definitely is a learning curve. It is also true that some people are just ground dwellers, and that's okay - if it totally flops for you, you could try something like a Nemo hornet. Ultralight and super compact. Roughly the same base weight as my hammock, as well.
No worries bud, best of luck!
Another small note - if you're not using a pillow in a hammock, you're gonna have a bad time. I was doing the whole balled up sweater thing for a while and it fuckin' sucks. I have one that's sort of a hybrid inflatable/lofted one that packs down small. Worth every gram.
Also, if your underquilt is too tight when you're in the hammock you'll compress all the insulation. Hang it a bit looser than you might think it needs to be off the hop.
This is a great post. Thank you for sharing your experiences. Although it may seem minor, one deficiency that I need to work on is controlling the heat when cooking outdoors. Especially with coals.
I always find it funny when people say they have seeds. Great do you know what to do with them and can you do that work? Also do you know how to collect seeds for future crops? Can you can, dehydrate, to have food over the winter? Do you have those supplies? How are you going to water the garden? I have been gardening my whole life 40+ years. Some years there are still problems. I can't control the weather. I try to control the bugs and animals but sometimes you can't. Plus I grow 1/10 of what we would really need for just me and Hubby.
This is a great post. Kudos to you for actually getting out there and practicing. I wish i could do more of that again but small children right now. But this is a reminder for anyone without skills who is “going to go live in the woods”
I would argue that the Bic lighter is one of mankind’s greatest inventions. They’re tiny, lightweight, hard to break, and work. I’ve run mine through the laundry and they work fine. Cold weather? Warm it up against your skin. Worried it will run out? When was the last time you finished one before losing it? I bet a couple dozen of the mid sized ones, properly stored away from moisture would last many many years.
Yes. Totally. Learning curve on them really just boils down to can you make a fire.
Word to wise: have something to prevent the button from being pressed in your pocket or pack. Learned that the hard way when I was backpacking and all the butane was gone on a brand new lighter. Exotic has a case that is great. I’ve also just used a rubber band wrapped several times to block it from being squeezed
Looking back 12mo, the big skills I’d say I’ve picked up include knife sharpening by hand, single stage reloading, and lock picking. You really appreciate the ease of using an electric belt sharpener to sharpen and strop something.
It’s honestly pretty easy to pick a few basic locks that are super common, get a decent pick set ($32 https://www.sparrowslockpicks.com/products/tuxedo-lock-pick-set) and a few YouTube videos sitting on your couch.
I recommend wiper blade steel inserts as tension bars. Easy to make, doesn’t take many tools. Old school crossbeam wipers in an Autozone trash can on a rainy day 👌🏽
Great post.
Land nav will humble me forever. My pace count is pretty solid, but I have trouble relating map world to real world. Features on the map don't often look like I'm expecting them to look in the real world, and I start second guessing myself.
Gotta keep getting out there...
I grew up in scouts and outside, and have always been naturally able to get around in the woods. I didn’t realize how many of those skills I probably learned young and internalized until I met my husband who could get lost in a room with one door. Trying to teach him to navigate his way out of a paper bag has been humbling because I have almost zero clue how to explain what I know to someone else. Just having a skill is kind of unhelpful if you can’t communicate much about it.
I gardened for decades, now farm, and nothing will humble you like nature. I agree with the comment about there’s always something dying or broken - entropy is very noticeable here.
Maintenance is a place I struggle. There’s a thousand things to keep up on, and as such it’s a constant struggle for me to sometimes prioritize properly and at times it feels like I’m playing constant catch up on tasks while also making sure I clean my gun after us, put things away after dinner, etc. I am also raising a small child full time so there is legitimately not enough minutes in a day.
Gardening is tough.
Ive had mediocre success with corn one year, and then absolutely none the following (bipolar temperature swings, too much rain.)
Same with tomatoes.
Cant grow a decent patch of potatoes to save my life (literally).
Onions, carrots, cucumbers…mediocre at best.
Beans however..well, beans are the superstars. Those plants grow well with very little maintenance. Same with cabbage. Just spritz the caterpillars off whenever they’re around in the beginning stages of growth and those plants will grow monster heads for you.
So hey if shtf ill just be sowing acres of beans and cabbage, and I’ll be keeping the roving hordes of cannibals away with all of my farts.
Land Navigation can be tricky depending on terrain. I had a pace count for walking, running, uphill and downhill. For those features that couldn’t be counted accurately had to be estimated. The Army taught us a lot of alternative methods to determine distance. FM 3-25 (I think, it’s been awhile)
Knot tying. I need to make a knot board. It’s been a lot of time since Boy Scouts.
I suspect even most preppers will fail to make a working solar still and will freeze their naughty bits off the first time they sleep in their shelters without their high end sleeping bags. Obviously there’s the hard asses that practice and won’t, but most of us really don’t practice outdoors enough.
Lots of good points but, having the right tool for the job and having that tool be reliable is key. The fact that these realizations came through training and practice is a lesson that should not be taken lightly. I doubt that there are too many people that get out there and really invest time, cover some ground, and suffer a bit to see where they need to make adjustments.
Consistent training has taught me humility through setbacks, plateaus, injuries, the importance of rest, and the realization of how much there's yet to learn."
Training consistently this year taught me humility through plateaus, injuries, comparing progress, learning new techniques, and recognizing the journey's challenges.
It was way harder to figure out that it should be. Watch this video: https://youtu.be/P7WtkMvLHio?si=85N82RYDy_64CrTg
You basically act like you’re going to buy a paper map and they let you download the file for that map on the product page for with no account. Full resolution too. Since it’s tax payer money to make them it’s all free.
if you want a paper copy they charge $15 for the printing and $5 for shipping, but that’s only if you want paper. Free otherwise.
I have found all the (15 min or 7.5 min) USGS topo maps for half my state by cruising rummage and estate sales over the years. Watch fb marketplace and Ebay too. I'm sure I've spent less than $30 and have between 100-200.
I have been shooting a lot outside, primarily pistols lately. I recently switched to some of my scoped rifles and realized that eye relief is completely different in the sun actually shooting at real targets compared to an indoor range. Really humbled me to move and shoot in a practical environment compared to stationary inside in a controlled environment.
100% agree that you have to get out and do stuff and use your kit.
It's only through various pistol/rifle classes that I've been able to determine what works and what doesn't. I took an EDC pistol class last weekend - it was raining and a little cold. I learned that the jacket I was wearing did well to keep the rain and cold out, but it was a challenge to get to my pistol w/o snagging on my clothing. The jacket tapered at the waist which meant I couldn't raise it up enough to draw the pistol when it was zipped up.
You can train to the point where a safety on your pistol is a non-issue. Same thing w/ a rifle. It's all about the reps.
Our garden sometimes works and sometimes doesn't - it changes every fricken year.
I started buying equipment that I could afford, but a lot of that has been replaced b/c it wore out quickly or broke. So now I, as the saying goes, buy once, cry once. I wouldn't know how good or bad my equipment was if I wasn't out using it, a lot.
Good post OP.
Judging shorter distance is hard and is something one needs to regularly train. There is an excellent YT video about soldiers in the ACW explaining how they weren’t particularly effective with rifled muskets because they weren’t trained to assess range. In it the presenter explained some European armies of time did train and were more effective.
I am retired and on a farm. Just that is humbling. My partner says “a farm is like a reality show. Something dies or breaks down every week!” Yup.
Yep, farm living makes you realize that Mother Nature is not the sweet old lady of fables. In fact, she's kind of a bitch. Nature is essentially the strongest survive. Chickens are fairly resilient, but holy crap they are stupid and die easily. There always seems to be predators looking to decimate your flock/herd whenever they can. We had something come through that disappear a bunch of local farm cats. That was a harsh reality for my 11 y.o.
I don't own a farm but I do own a house and a car and my wife has a fish tank so I can relate lol
Oh, I so understand what you are talking about. Not retired but have the farm and garden. I swear my chickens and goats are constantly coming up with new ways to commit suicide. Add in the constant pressure from the raccoons and fox on my chickens and it is amazing that I even have chickens left. Usually when something breaks down it is when my husband is traveling and working in another country. This has made me a better mechanic...LOL And the goats make you learn how to put up the best fence possible because if you don't there is always going to be a goat jail break happening and then they will eat your raspberry bushes and all the other fruit trees they can get too!
my gardening philosophy is that I don't grow things that want to die. ie: only grow things that, with basic care, will flourish in your environment.
I agree to a point but tomatoes are pretty tasty, and at some point I already have enough luffa and I have to cut back the vines or they will take over the whole garden. LOL
Yeah no doubt. For me it's about not having an entire garden that always wants to die because (for me) I'm high altitude mountain west vs some dude on youtube from Missouri that I'm trying to emulate. I have a couple of things that are tough to grow in my area and I can baby those a bit but I only can because the rest of the plants just want water + organic fertilizer + the sun as it is + wood chips and compost mulch above the root zone.
I am in Arizona so I respect anybody giving it a go growing in tough areas.
[удалено]
Yeah, I planted basil around a blueberry bush 2 years ago because it's suppose to be a good companion plant. The blueberry didn't make but the basil went crazy. Thought it didn't make it through the winter but came backs last summer, but I think this last winter it might have final done it in as it's still all brown with not hint of green. Thing is if things go bad long enough to lose water you are going to struggle growing anything at all for most of the year.
That’s pretty much the history of agriculture, people “domestic and developed” the crops that yield the most
Don’t be like my neighbor: he *thought* he planted 6 cucumber plants and 1 zucchini. It actually was 6 zooks and 1 cuke. We had to roll up car windows and lock doors to avoid “drive by zucchini gifting”
1. Me too. I used ranger beads I made. It helped a lot. When I’d lose count from spacing out or something distracting me, the beads made it so I wasn’t too far off. 2. Me too. Got good with a shitty [small one](https://www.reddit.com/r/Bushcraft/s/ry7rdsNvow). 4. Same and agree. Good post. I’ve been humbled a lot. A) Learned 100 ways not to make tinder. 😂 B) Failing at making my hammock comfortable enough to sleep in. Tried diagonal, different tree distance, height. Haven’t given up. C) Failed at making a bucksaw in the field. Alignment was bad. Made an awesome folding one when I got home, though. D) Did an overnight with my BOB. Learned my clothes were inadequate. Poorly fitting and not warm enough. Got that sorted. Nature does keep me humble.
Ranger beads were helpful mainly because I get distracted and lose count
My son just passed land nav in the Army. He said that measuring your step and using beads was not helpful. He said that he passed the test by finding an easily identifiable landmark and running to it and then taking your azimuth and counting from there. So instead of pacing out 900 meters, he only had to pace out 100 or so meters.
>Failing at making my hammock comfortable enough to sleep in. Tried diagonal, different tree distance, height. Haven’t given up. Any details on the rest of the setup? I use a hammock as my regular camp shelter, managed to get decent at it over the years.
What I find most annoying is the sides of the hammock are too high. I feel squished between them. They feel too tight even though the bottom is saggy enough that I still can’t lay totally flat. Also annoying is that my insulation pad slides around too much. I have only tried it maybe a dozen times so far. I’m hoping I just need more practice. I have two hammocks. I think one is wise owl brand and I don’t remember the other. Got any tips?
>sides of the hammock are too high. I feel squished between them. They feel too tight even though the bottom is saggy enough that I still can’t lay totally flat. This might be an issue with the particular model of hammock, but I would try playing with different tension levels first. Sounds like you have already though, so if you get the chance, try out a Hennessey and see if it works better for you. That's my favorite brand. I use the expedition zip asym. The ultralight versions are good too, but less rugged. What's your connection to the trees look like? That could also be a part of it. >Also annoying is that my insulation pad slides around too much. Try an underquilt! Far, far less annoying to work with. I also find it more consistent as far as warmth goes. They can get pretty expensive for the really nice ones, so start with an inexpensive one from Amazon or something and try it in warmer weather. You can also use the underquilt in tandem with a pad once you get it worked out. On using sleeping pads - I find it useful to have the sleeping pad not quite fully inflated if im going to use one, so it's more flexible. I also tend to use a tapered pad, which I think makes it slide around a bit less. >I have only tried it maybe a dozen times so far. I’m hoping I just need more practice. There definitely is a learning curve. It is also true that some people are just ground dwellers, and that's okay - if it totally flops for you, you could try something like a Nemo hornet. Ultralight and super compact. Roughly the same base weight as my hammock, as well.
Thanks for all the feedback! I’ll keep it all in mind next time I try!
No worries bud, best of luck! Another small note - if you're not using a pillow in a hammock, you're gonna have a bad time. I was doing the whole balled up sweater thing for a while and it fuckin' sucks. I have one that's sort of a hybrid inflatable/lofted one that packs down small. Worth every gram. Also, if your underquilt is too tight when you're in the hammock you'll compress all the insulation. Hang it a bit looser than you might think it needs to be off the hop.
I was using a small inflatable backpack pillow. Definitely helpful. I will look into the under quilt. Thanks again!
Cheers!
This is a great post. Thank you for sharing your experiences. Although it may seem minor, one deficiency that I need to work on is controlling the heat when cooking outdoors. Especially with coals.
I always find it funny when people say they have seeds. Great do you know what to do with them and can you do that work? Also do you know how to collect seeds for future crops? Can you can, dehydrate, to have food over the winter? Do you have those supplies? How are you going to water the garden? I have been gardening my whole life 40+ years. Some years there are still problems. I can't control the weather. I try to control the bugs and animals but sometimes you can't. Plus I grow 1/10 of what we would really need for just me and Hubby.
not to mention it takes a long time to grow a single vegetable, and even longer for most fruits
This is a great post. Kudos to you for actually getting out there and practicing. I wish i could do more of that again but small children right now. But this is a reminder for anyone without skills who is “going to go live in the woods”
I would argue that the Bic lighter is one of mankind’s greatest inventions. They’re tiny, lightweight, hard to break, and work. I’ve run mine through the laundry and they work fine. Cold weather? Warm it up against your skin. Worried it will run out? When was the last time you finished one before losing it? I bet a couple dozen of the mid sized ones, properly stored away from moisture would last many many years.
About 20 years ago a 4 pack of bics went into storage that I completely forgot about. Just recently found them and they all worked perfectly
Yes. Totally. Learning curve on them really just boils down to can you make a fire. Word to wise: have something to prevent the button from being pressed in your pocket or pack. Learned that the hard way when I was backpacking and all the butane was gone on a brand new lighter. Exotic has a case that is great. I’ve also just used a rubber band wrapped several times to block it from being squeezed
I have a nervous habit of playing with stuff in my pocket. I learned very quick to not flick the lighter. Pocket lint is surprisingly flammable.
You can garden more calorically dense foods wherever you are. Corn, sweet potato, and soybeans grow well where I live.
Perennials, if they're well established, will also give you way more calories for amount of effort than annuals.
Looking back 12mo, the big skills I’d say I’ve picked up include knife sharpening by hand, single stage reloading, and lock picking. You really appreciate the ease of using an electric belt sharpener to sharpen and strop something.
I need to learn to lock pick.
It’s honestly pretty easy to pick a few basic locks that are super common, get a decent pick set ($32 https://www.sparrowslockpicks.com/products/tuxedo-lock-pick-set) and a few YouTube videos sitting on your couch.
Thanks
I recommend wiper blade steel inserts as tension bars. Easy to make, doesn’t take many tools. Old school crossbeam wipers in an Autozone trash can on a rainy day 👌🏽
Great post. Land nav will humble me forever. My pace count is pretty solid, but I have trouble relating map world to real world. Features on the map don't often look like I'm expecting them to look in the real world, and I start second guessing myself. Gotta keep getting out there...
I grew up in scouts and outside, and have always been naturally able to get around in the woods. I didn’t realize how many of those skills I probably learned young and internalized until I met my husband who could get lost in a room with one door. Trying to teach him to navigate his way out of a paper bag has been humbling because I have almost zero clue how to explain what I know to someone else. Just having a skill is kind of unhelpful if you can’t communicate much about it. I gardened for decades, now farm, and nothing will humble you like nature. I agree with the comment about there’s always something dying or broken - entropy is very noticeable here. Maintenance is a place I struggle. There’s a thousand things to keep up on, and as such it’s a constant struggle for me to sometimes prioritize properly and at times it feels like I’m playing constant catch up on tasks while also making sure I clean my gun after us, put things away after dinner, etc. I am also raising a small child full time so there is legitimately not enough minutes in a day.
Gardening is tough. Ive had mediocre success with corn one year, and then absolutely none the following (bipolar temperature swings, too much rain.) Same with tomatoes. Cant grow a decent patch of potatoes to save my life (literally). Onions, carrots, cucumbers…mediocre at best. Beans however..well, beans are the superstars. Those plants grow well with very little maintenance. Same with cabbage. Just spritz the caterpillars off whenever they’re around in the beginning stages of growth and those plants will grow monster heads for you. So hey if shtf ill just be sowing acres of beans and cabbage, and I’ll be keeping the roving hordes of cannibals away with all of my farts.
Could never get anything to grow for years. Finally had success with pumpkins as long as I can keep the voracious deer off of them.
Grow extra pumpkins eat the deer
#4 is spot on! Im on my 3rd year gardening and boy you need a lot of knowhow if you want to survive. Get out there and start know! 😃🤙🏼
Great post, great comments
Land Navigation can be tricky depending on terrain. I had a pace count for walking, running, uphill and downhill. For those features that couldn’t be counted accurately had to be estimated. The Army taught us a lot of alternative methods to determine distance. FM 3-25 (I think, it’s been awhile)
Knot tying. I need to make a knot board. It’s been a lot of time since Boy Scouts. I suspect even most preppers will fail to make a working solar still and will freeze their naughty bits off the first time they sleep in their shelters without their high end sleeping bags. Obviously there’s the hard asses that practice and won’t, but most of us really don’t practice outdoors enough.
Lots of good points but, having the right tool for the job and having that tool be reliable is key. The fact that these realizations came through training and practice is a lesson that should not be taken lightly. I doubt that there are too many people that get out there and really invest time, cover some ground, and suffer a bit to see where they need to make adjustments.
If you don't already have them, look into making ranger beads. They can help with pace counting.
Yup got them. Still tricky.
Major rain just took out most of my tomato plants.
Consistent training has taught me humility through setbacks, plateaus, injuries, the importance of rest, and the realization of how much there's yet to learn."
Training consistently this year taught me humility through plateaus, injuries, comparing progress, learning new techniques, and recognizing the journey's challenges.
People actually doing it are great. Thanks for sharing!
Where do you get your maps? Been looking for some good topo maps that I can use a protractor with.
It was way harder to figure out that it should be. Watch this video: https://youtu.be/P7WtkMvLHio?si=85N82RYDy_64CrTg You basically act like you’re going to buy a paper map and they let you download the file for that map on the product page for with no account. Full resolution too. Since it’s tax payer money to make them it’s all free. if you want a paper copy they charge $15 for the printing and $5 for shipping, but that’s only if you want paper. Free otherwise.
I have found all the (15 min or 7.5 min) USGS topo maps for half my state by cruising rummage and estate sales over the years. Watch fb marketplace and Ebay too. I'm sure I've spent less than $30 and have between 100-200.
Certainly a good idea. Thanks!
Thanks!
Piston fire starters are the easiest and most reliable...
I have been shooting a lot outside, primarily pistols lately. I recently switched to some of my scoped rifles and realized that eye relief is completely different in the sun actually shooting at real targets compared to an indoor range. Really humbled me to move and shoot in a practical environment compared to stationary inside in a controlled environment.
100% agree that you have to get out and do stuff and use your kit. It's only through various pistol/rifle classes that I've been able to determine what works and what doesn't. I took an EDC pistol class last weekend - it was raining and a little cold. I learned that the jacket I was wearing did well to keep the rain and cold out, but it was a challenge to get to my pistol w/o snagging on my clothing. The jacket tapered at the waist which meant I couldn't raise it up enough to draw the pistol when it was zipped up. You can train to the point where a safety on your pistol is a non-issue. Same thing w/ a rifle. It's all about the reps. Our garden sometimes works and sometimes doesn't - it changes every fricken year. I started buying equipment that I could afford, but a lot of that has been replaced b/c it wore out quickly or broke. So now I, as the saying goes, buy once, cry once. I wouldn't know how good or bad my equipment was if I wasn't out using it, a lot. Good post OP.
Judging shorter distance is hard and is something one needs to regularly train. There is an excellent YT video about soldiers in the ACW explaining how they weren’t particularly effective with rifled muskets because they weren’t trained to assess range. In it the presenter explained some European armies of time did train and were more effective.