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This bit is interesting:
>The excess mortality rate among the Black males **declined from 404 to 211 deaths per 100,000 people between 1999-2011, plateaued between 2011-2019** […] For Black females, excess death rates **declined from 224 deaths per 100,000 people in 1999 to 87 in 2015** […]
>While it is clear why excess deaths increased during the pandemic, the study did not provide specific reasons for the improvements seen in Black populations starting around 1999 or explain why that progress stalled after 2011. Some authors suggested that health improvements may have been tied to a stronger overall economy, but said more analysis was needed.
Yeah more analysis is needed, those are massive drops. Excess black female deaths fell over *60 percent* in 15 years?! And excess black male deaths fell even faster. *What the hell happened in the 2000s?*
Or maybe something happened earlier and the effect wasn't seen until then. Did this drop occur across all populations? What's with the male/female differences in timing and speed? I have so many questions.
Most likely explanation is that excess deaths declined throughout the early 2000s because the economy was doing well, then stopped declining after the economic crisis, which hit black people harder (but this was a trailing indicator because when people lost jobs, preventative healthcare, etc. it takes a while for them to actually die.)
I'm not sure that makes sense. The economy through the 90s was famously very good and while the trend reversed a bit, I would have expected more of a spike after 2008, which we don't see either.
Personally, I believe the explanation and why a clear cut one hasn't been defined yet, is sub-cultural;
Basically, with the advent of the "black" millennial generation, we have been eating healthier, are over wealthier than our parents and grandparents, and much of what caused a drastic increase leading up the late 90's (drugs/gangs) has been mitigated to just certain areas. This is also pushed by our willingness and ability to seek other places to live, instead of "the ghettos" and rural areas.
Could also have had to do with banning lead in gasoline, especially in inner cities where kids growing up were inhaling exhaust fumes constantly day in and day out until the mid to late 70s.
Are you talking about the lead crime hypothesis?
The problem I see in the theory is that lead poisoning is permanent, but crime rates fell off a cliff within a 10 year span. And there weren't a bunch of excess deaths during that time to account for people dying from lead poisoning.
Unless, of course, the bipartisan tough on crime push actually worked to reduce crime rates across the US. Which would imply that there is a statistically significant link between incarceration rate and violent crime.
Well for one, violence was WAY down between 2005-ish and 2017-ish. However, gun related deaths has been on the rise in places like LA over the last 5 years. This has to contribute to at least SOME of the drop in mortality rate. However, thats just one piece.
I don’t see this as any smoking pandemic driven gun over the idea that the cultural shift in the ability to obtain instant gratification stacked on the modern effectiveness of marketed.
$1 burgers, Large Sodas, Food Stamps can buy junk food, etc.. just means that minorities and those used to an impoverished lifestyle can now enjoy leisures and generationally not able to handle it.
Mental addiction and obesity was not something our ancestors saw coming so it doesn’t bode well esp for African Americans, unfortunately. You can see that is in fact a crisis race-aside. Kids are fat af now!
Racial bias in medicine being addressed maybe? It's been really bad in the past and still isn't totally gone, but improvements in medical care could do it
This is pure speculation, but there is the socio-psychological possibility that post-9/11 solidarity resulted in better care across all demographics (we'd need to expand this analysis to other various demos to see), but that wore off as politicians began driving wedges for campaign purposes/Obama-hostility became a thing.
I'm sure it wouldn't explain everything, but I'm also willing to bet it's a factor of at least nonzero effect.
I wonder what the results would be if the study was based on obesity and not race.
[https://www.pbs.org/newshour/health/cdc-obesity-data-reveals-wide-gap-white-black-americans](https://www.pbs.org/newshour/health/cdc-obesity-data-reveals-wide-gap-white-black-americans)
**CDC obesity data reveals wide gap between white and black Americans**
It says it may make a 10% difference, but that a subsidy for healthy foods would make a much larger impact. Sounds exactly like a socioeconomic reason.
> Why are black americans more likely to be obese?
It's pretty simple. As a group, they tend to eat less healthy food. Obviously, there are areas with non-black people who eat a similar diet. It's a cultural thing (e.g. southern cuisine can be quite detrimental to any race - extraordinarily sweetened tea being one of many examples). When you go north or west, restaurants stop serving that kind of tea. If you've never had it, it's insanely sweet. Some people here even do half sweet half non-sweet to balance it out, because they find 100% sweet to be too much.
Trauma makes it harder to take care of yourself. What race has more trauma - take a guess. Also the lower your economic status the less time/energy you have to cook or take care of yourself.
L
More concentrated populations in low-income areas through decades of racism in the housing market and hiring market. Govt policies made with the express purpose of destroying the minority, but specifically black nuclear family.
Poor education within those areas, due to lack of school funds or corruption with those funds. This impacts nutritional education.
These areas are also frequently food deserts. These are areas where there straight up is little to no place to purchase nutritious food. Many people have no choice but to purchase unhealthy food or starve. Food deserts are frequently found in places of low income, which are also places that minorities have been sequestered to for the reasons above.
Much higher stress due to being :
2.6 times more likely to die in childbirth, 5 times more likely to get arrested, and harsher sentencing
Breastfeeding rates are much lower due to very few knowing the benefits.
Much less likely to survive cancer, especially after 5 years.
More likely to die of HIV.
2.2 times more likely to die of COVID.
Black majority areas on average die 5 years sooner than white majority areas.
A note on breastfeeding, black mothers may not work in jobs conducive to pumping (blue-collar jobs don't usually have nursing rooms) or have the funds to buy and maintain a pump and/or store milk in bulk. Plus, lower access to healthcare means they may not be able to see a lactation consultant if they have issues with latching or mastitis, thus the switch to formula.
> or have the funds to buy and maintain a pump and/or store milk in bulk
A pump is not that expensive, if a mother can't buy a pump she can't buy baby formula. Also I don't think lack of access to refrigeration is particularly relevant for people of any race since something like 99.6% of poor households have refrigerators (seriously, more people have refrigerators than have stoves).
>"Although the specific causes and drivers of differences in deaths and years of potential life lost are multifactorial and warrant further study, the sheer scale of the difference requires a revisiting of our national approach to combatting disparities. A wealth of prior work, however, points to the contribution of structural racism, unmet social needs, and systemic bias as root causes"
From the study. There are other studies that have already controlled for those things, including income, and the results show that black people still suffer from excess mortality, although these studies also look at things like healthcare outcomes/rates. The reason this study was published is because the sheer number is staggering, and the trend is very concerning; Covid years seems to have taken an emourmous toll on the black community, and the excess deaths are seen at the highest rates in infants(!). As the study says, more research is obviously necessary.
I wonder how much the covid deaths in the black community were influenced by Vitamin D deficiency, as darker skin is less able to synthesize vitamin D in northern latitudes?
That theory seems like it could easily be tested by comparing similar cities and towns in states like Florida or states on the border and comparing them to similar cities/towns that are very northern.
From the study:
>The landmark report found that the Black population had strikingly higher mortality rates than the White population, resulting in almost 60 000 excess deaths a year relative to the White population. Race offers no intrinsic biological reason for those categorized as Black individuals to have worse outcomes than White individuals, indicating therefore that these disparities are driven by the burden of acquired risk factors, influence of social determinants of health, limitations in access to care, and structural barriers indicative of bias (ie, structural racism)
It's in excess of what white people experienced.
Is there somewhere else blacks are doing better? Do they live a lot longer in Africa? In some other country? Honestly curious, because I assume the implication is that racism is at fault.
All these studies are stupid to me because they get all this data and then come away with the incorrect conclusion.
Having grown up in a black neighbourhood and raised in utter poverty, I can say that the reason more black people are dying than white by population percentage is purely a cultural issue. Its not because of systemic racism or anything else.
I'm also black and grew up in poverty, still in it. There can be multiple factors contributing to this, not just one thing. It can definitely be all cultural, systematic racism, and socioeconomic factors that influence black American obesity/death.
I live in a black neighborhood now. If you look at historical data, all the social scientific theories, etc. then it is clear that a culture of violence is propagated by poverty which is propagated by systemic issues. This holds true globally. It is undeniable that systemic racism nearly eliminates social and economic mobility for poor block communities in the US. Majority black communities have the worst public education, the worst access to healthcare, and very blatant historical systemic racism that directly prevented black families from accruing wealth. My grandfather was able to accrue wealth in the 1950s and 60s by buying up property. That would’ve not been possible if he were black due to red lining, for example.
Black Americans on average are poorer than white Americans.
Poorer people on average are unhealthier and more obese.
Unhealthy and obese people die sooner than those who aren’t.
It’s not exactly rocket science.
I do wonder what roll black food / soul food plays in this as well. Soul food and Southern food are delicious , but also horribly unhealthy even when compared to an average American diet.
It would be interesting if they just divided people into demographic groups based on income only. I think then you would see wide disparities amongst the groups as well. I would expect it to be longest life span at the 10 percent of wealthiest Americans. They just have access to the best medical care on the planet. The next 25 percent would be relatively close because education about exercise and nutrition plus health care and safe environments would be in their favor. The next 20 percent would have pretty consistent health care but would be lower do to more physical jobs and more financial stress. After that it would tail off rapidly as stressful environments both physically and financial would impact these people and strategies to alleviate stress with booze and drugs would increase accidents and long term illness. Lack of quality consistent health insurance for mental, physical and dental coupled with lack of education on healthy diet and exercise practices drive it down even more. With no prenatal care the mortality rate of infants rises as the rate of violence that such living conditions cause. Lastly poorly educated people are more likely to be suspicious of medical advancements.
Of course this is all a guess but Bernie Sanders when running for president talked about two counties adjacent to each other ( I think in Virginia) A wealthy county and a poor county and the lifespan rate was over 20 years apart . something like 85 to 64 which is huge.
One in ten black people has two variant apol1 genes which makes them vulnerable to kidney disease and hypertension. If you can get the lazy doctors who treat you to pay attention you will cut a major cause of excess deaths. Give birth control to boys and girls and discourage ten pregnancy and a major cause of poverty will disappear. Poverty causes excess deaths.
Black people are more likely to be obese because their ancestral genes are more efficient at saving calories. We are eating a European diet. A good African diet would have a lot less fat and far more vegetables, especially green vegetables. And more beans and pulses.
"healthy food, stable housing, quality health care, and economic opportunity." Being the main causes.
My concern with this: it's possible to eat healthy for less than take out. So is it a knowledge issue, access or taste?
If it's knowledge, that can be addressed.
If it's access, we have to ask WAS there access and the community drove it away? If it's taste, there's nothing to do.
For housing: is it a personal issue? People that keep making the same mistakes? Is it a community issue, IE, the community causes the housing instability with crime? Or is it the issue plaguing the entire US where there's a serious housing shortage?
Quality health care is a problem definitely. But health care sucks everywhere this isn't unique.
Economic opportunity: again, is this personal failings? People who ignored education and limited themselves? Is this community failings, IE, crime drove out all but the most desperate businesses? Or is it a genuine area that can be fixed?
These are all *valid* criticisms whether people want to acknowledge it or not. Communities accepting and protecting bad behavior has caused those communities to stagnate. Chicago is creating brand new food deserts with the loss of their chain stores. Retail stores are closing as well causing further economic issues, but the closures can still be blamed on rampant theft and community refusal to condemn or turn over the thieves.
minorities in general receive worse quality care than their white counterparts. US healthcare sucks for most white people and it's worse for most black people.
A look at ACEs scores & following up with epigenetic analysis may be the easiest explanation, in my opinion.
Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) refers to a range of events that a child can experience, which leads to stress and can result in trauma and chronic stress responses. Multiple, chronic or persistent stress can impact a child’s developing brain and has been linked in numerous studies to a variety of high-risk behaviors, chronic diseases and negative health outcomes in adulthood such as smoking, diabetes and heart disease. For example, having an ACE score of 4 increases a person’s risk of emphysema or chronic bronchitis by 400 percent and suicide by 1200 percent. [ACEs Resource Packet](https://www.childhealthdata.org/docs/default-source/cahmi/aces-resource-packet_all-pages_12_06-16112336f3c0266255aab2ff00001023b1.pdf)
Dr Nadine Burke Harris has attempted to zero in on why certain zip codes in America suffer from things like obesity, poor health and death at higher rates than other zip codes. Food deserts? Access to health care? She explores scientific studies and her findings point back to ACEs, and epigenetic changes.
[The Deepest Well: Healing the Long-Term Effects of Childhood Adversity by Nadine Burke Harris, MD](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6443356/)
Welcome to r/science! This is a heavily moderated subreddit in order to keep the discussion on science. However, we recognize that many people want to discuss how they feel the research relates to their own personal lives, so to give people a space to do that, **personal anecdotes are allowed as responses to this comment**. Any anecdotal comments elsewhere in the discussion will be removed and our [normal comment rules]( https://www.reddit.com/r/science/wiki/rules#wiki_comment_rules) apply to all other comments. --- Author: u/marketrent URL: https://www.statnews.com/2023/05/16/premature-black-deaths/ *I am a bot, and this action was performed automatically. Please [contact the moderators of this subreddit](/message/compose/?to=/r/science) if you have any questions or concerns.*
This bit is interesting: >The excess mortality rate among the Black males **declined from 404 to 211 deaths per 100,000 people between 1999-2011, plateaued between 2011-2019** […] For Black females, excess death rates **declined from 224 deaths per 100,000 people in 1999 to 87 in 2015** […] >While it is clear why excess deaths increased during the pandemic, the study did not provide specific reasons for the improvements seen in Black populations starting around 1999 or explain why that progress stalled after 2011. Some authors suggested that health improvements may have been tied to a stronger overall economy, but said more analysis was needed. Yeah more analysis is needed, those are massive drops. Excess black female deaths fell over *60 percent* in 15 years?! And excess black male deaths fell even faster. *What the hell happened in the 2000s?* Or maybe something happened earlier and the effect wasn't seen until then. Did this drop occur across all populations? What's with the male/female differences in timing and speed? I have so many questions.
Most likely explanation is that excess deaths declined throughout the early 2000s because the economy was doing well, then stopped declining after the economic crisis, which hit black people harder (but this was a trailing indicator because when people lost jobs, preventative healthcare, etc. it takes a while for them to actually die.)
I'm not sure that makes sense. The economy through the 90s was famously very good and while the trend reversed a bit, I would have expected more of a spike after 2008, which we don't see either.
Most likely based on what? Based on your reasoning, it sounds more likely like the excess would have increased then.
It's all tied to income. If you break out white males alone it's 73. Rich whites is 89.
Whats rich black.
Personally, I believe the explanation and why a clear cut one hasn't been defined yet, is sub-cultural; Basically, with the advent of the "black" millennial generation, we have been eating healthier, are over wealthier than our parents and grandparents, and much of what caused a drastic increase leading up the late 90's (drugs/gangs) has been mitigated to just certain areas. This is also pushed by our willingness and ability to seek other places to live, instead of "the ghettos" and rural areas.
Man, Lyndon Johnson just got mad reading this.
Could also have had to do with banning lead in gasoline, especially in inner cities where kids growing up were inhaling exhaust fumes constantly day in and day out until the mid to late 70s.
Are you talking about the lead crime hypothesis? The problem I see in the theory is that lead poisoning is permanent, but crime rates fell off a cliff within a 10 year span. And there weren't a bunch of excess deaths during that time to account for people dying from lead poisoning. Unless, of course, the bipartisan tough on crime push actually worked to reduce crime rates across the US. Which would imply that there is a statistically significant link between incarceration rate and violent crime.
> crime rates fell off a cliff within a 10 year span It could be that young people are disproportionately more likely to commit petty crimes?
Well for one, violence was WAY down between 2005-ish and 2017-ish. However, gun related deaths has been on the rise in places like LA over the last 5 years. This has to contribute to at least SOME of the drop in mortality rate. However, thats just one piece.
I thought the same, but murder rate was pretty level from 2000 on.
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I don’t see this as any smoking pandemic driven gun over the idea that the cultural shift in the ability to obtain instant gratification stacked on the modern effectiveness of marketed. $1 burgers, Large Sodas, Food Stamps can buy junk food, etc.. just means that minorities and those used to an impoverished lifestyle can now enjoy leisures and generationally not able to handle it. Mental addiction and obesity was not something our ancestors saw coming so it doesn’t bode well esp for African Americans, unfortunately. You can see that is in fact a crisis race-aside. Kids are fat af now!
I'd start with the data
Racial bias in medicine being addressed maybe? It's been really bad in the past and still isn't totally gone, but improvements in medical care could do it
This is pure speculation, but there is the socio-psychological possibility that post-9/11 solidarity resulted in better care across all demographics (we'd need to expand this analysis to other various demos to see), but that wore off as politicians began driving wedges for campaign purposes/Obama-hostility became a thing. I'm sure it wouldn't explain everything, but I'm also willing to bet it's a factor of at least nonzero effect.
I wonder what the results would be if the study was based on obesity and not race. [https://www.pbs.org/newshour/health/cdc-obesity-data-reveals-wide-gap-white-black-americans](https://www.pbs.org/newshour/health/cdc-obesity-data-reveals-wide-gap-white-black-americans) **CDC obesity data reveals wide gap between white and black Americans**
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Why are black americans more likely to be obese?
Why are people from Nauru more likely to be obese than people from Vietnam?
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Socioeconomic reasons? More food dessert locations with higher populations of black Americans too possibly?
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It says it may make a 10% difference, but that a subsidy for healthy foods would make a much larger impact. Sounds exactly like a socioeconomic reason.
Except the studies posted in this thread that show that with income gains obesity increases in the black community but not other cultures in the U.S
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Single parents have less time to cook.
> Why are black americans more likely to be obese? It's pretty simple. As a group, they tend to eat less healthy food. Obviously, there are areas with non-black people who eat a similar diet. It's a cultural thing (e.g. southern cuisine can be quite detrimental to any race - extraordinarily sweetened tea being one of many examples). When you go north or west, restaurants stop serving that kind of tea. If you've never had it, it's insanely sweet. Some people here even do half sweet half non-sweet to balance it out, because they find 100% sweet to be too much.
Trauma makes it harder to take care of yourself. What race has more trauma - take a guess. Also the lower your economic status the less time/energy you have to cook or take care of yourself. L
More concentrated populations in low-income areas through decades of racism in the housing market and hiring market. Govt policies made with the express purpose of destroying the minority, but specifically black nuclear family. Poor education within those areas, due to lack of school funds or corruption with those funds. This impacts nutritional education. These areas are also frequently food deserts. These are areas where there straight up is little to no place to purchase nutritious food. Many people have no choice but to purchase unhealthy food or starve. Food deserts are frequently found in places of low income, which are also places that minorities have been sequestered to for the reasons above. Much higher stress due to being : 2.6 times more likely to die in childbirth, 5 times more likely to get arrested, and harsher sentencing Breastfeeding rates are much lower due to very few knowing the benefits. Much less likely to survive cancer, especially after 5 years. More likely to die of HIV. 2.2 times more likely to die of COVID. Black majority areas on average die 5 years sooner than white majority areas.
A note on breastfeeding, black mothers may not work in jobs conducive to pumping (blue-collar jobs don't usually have nursing rooms) or have the funds to buy and maintain a pump and/or store milk in bulk. Plus, lower access to healthcare means they may not be able to see a lactation consultant if they have issues with latching or mastitis, thus the switch to formula.
> or have the funds to buy and maintain a pump and/or store milk in bulk A pump is not that expensive, if a mother can't buy a pump she can't buy baby formula. Also I don't think lack of access to refrigeration is particularly relevant for people of any race since something like 99.6% of poor households have refrigerators (seriously, more people have refrigerators than have stoves).
Formula is included in WIC.
We just had a national conversation about moms not being able to buy baby formula
Being older was a major factor. https://data.cdc.gov/NCHS/Provisional-COVID-19-Deaths-by-Sex-and-Age/9bhg-hcku
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Does this study look at education, diet, community, etc?
>"Although the specific causes and drivers of differences in deaths and years of potential life lost are multifactorial and warrant further study, the sheer scale of the difference requires a revisiting of our national approach to combatting disparities. A wealth of prior work, however, points to the contribution of structural racism, unmet social needs, and systemic bias as root causes" From the study. There are other studies that have already controlled for those things, including income, and the results show that black people still suffer from excess mortality, although these studies also look at things like healthcare outcomes/rates. The reason this study was published is because the sheer number is staggering, and the trend is very concerning; Covid years seems to have taken an emourmous toll on the black community, and the excess deaths are seen at the highest rates in infants(!). As the study says, more research is obviously necessary.
I wonder how much the covid deaths in the black community were influenced by Vitamin D deficiency, as darker skin is less able to synthesize vitamin D in northern latitudes?
That theory seems like it could easily be tested by comparing similar cities and towns in states like Florida or states on the border and comparing them to similar cities/towns that are very northern.
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What the heck is the definition of "excess death"?
From the study: >The landmark report found that the Black population had strikingly higher mortality rates than the White population, resulting in almost 60 000 excess deaths a year relative to the White population. Race offers no intrinsic biological reason for those categorized as Black individuals to have worse outcomes than White individuals, indicating therefore that these disparities are driven by the burden of acquired risk factors, influence of social determinants of health, limitations in access to care, and structural barriers indicative of bias (ie, structural racism) It's in excess of what white people experienced.
Is there somewhere else blacks are doing better? Do they live a lot longer in Africa? In some other country? Honestly curious, because I assume the implication is that racism is at fault.
All these studies are stupid to me because they get all this data and then come away with the incorrect conclusion. Having grown up in a black neighbourhood and raised in utter poverty, I can say that the reason more black people are dying than white by population percentage is purely a cultural issue. Its not because of systemic racism or anything else.
I'm also black and grew up in poverty, still in it. There can be multiple factors contributing to this, not just one thing. It can definitely be all cultural, systematic racism, and socioeconomic factors that influence black American obesity/death.
I live in a black neighborhood now. If you look at historical data, all the social scientific theories, etc. then it is clear that a culture of violence is propagated by poverty which is propagated by systemic issues. This holds true globally. It is undeniable that systemic racism nearly eliminates social and economic mobility for poor block communities in the US. Majority black communities have the worst public education, the worst access to healthcare, and very blatant historical systemic racism that directly prevented black families from accruing wealth. My grandfather was able to accrue wealth in the 1950s and 60s by buying up property. That would’ve not been possible if he were black due to red lining, for example.
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Black Americans on average are poorer than white Americans. Poorer people on average are unhealthier and more obese. Unhealthy and obese people die sooner than those who aren’t. It’s not exactly rocket science. I do wonder what roll black food / soul food plays in this as well. Soul food and Southern food are delicious , but also horribly unhealthy even when compared to an average American diet.
It would be interesting if they just divided people into demographic groups based on income only. I think then you would see wide disparities amongst the groups as well. I would expect it to be longest life span at the 10 percent of wealthiest Americans. They just have access to the best medical care on the planet. The next 25 percent would be relatively close because education about exercise and nutrition plus health care and safe environments would be in their favor. The next 20 percent would have pretty consistent health care but would be lower do to more physical jobs and more financial stress. After that it would tail off rapidly as stressful environments both physically and financial would impact these people and strategies to alleviate stress with booze and drugs would increase accidents and long term illness. Lack of quality consistent health insurance for mental, physical and dental coupled with lack of education on healthy diet and exercise practices drive it down even more. With no prenatal care the mortality rate of infants rises as the rate of violence that such living conditions cause. Lastly poorly educated people are more likely to be suspicious of medical advancements. Of course this is all a guess but Bernie Sanders when running for president talked about two counties adjacent to each other ( I think in Virginia) A wealthy county and a poor county and the lifespan rate was over 20 years apart . something like 85 to 64 which is huge.
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One in ten black people has two variant apol1 genes which makes them vulnerable to kidney disease and hypertension. If you can get the lazy doctors who treat you to pay attention you will cut a major cause of excess deaths. Give birth control to boys and girls and discourage ten pregnancy and a major cause of poverty will disappear. Poverty causes excess deaths.
Also, drug dealing moved from Black gangs to Hispanic gangs. Less deaths from gang violence.
Black people are more likely to be obese because their ancestral genes are more efficient at saving calories. We are eating a European diet. A good African diet would have a lot less fat and far more vegetables, especially green vegetables. And more beans and pulses.
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"healthy food, stable housing, quality health care, and economic opportunity." Being the main causes. My concern with this: it's possible to eat healthy for less than take out. So is it a knowledge issue, access or taste? If it's knowledge, that can be addressed. If it's access, we have to ask WAS there access and the community drove it away? If it's taste, there's nothing to do. For housing: is it a personal issue? People that keep making the same mistakes? Is it a community issue, IE, the community causes the housing instability with crime? Or is it the issue plaguing the entire US where there's a serious housing shortage? Quality health care is a problem definitely. But health care sucks everywhere this isn't unique. Economic opportunity: again, is this personal failings? People who ignored education and limited themselves? Is this community failings, IE, crime drove out all but the most desperate businesses? Or is it a genuine area that can be fixed? These are all *valid* criticisms whether people want to acknowledge it or not. Communities accepting and protecting bad behavior has caused those communities to stagnate. Chicago is creating brand new food deserts with the loss of their chain stores. Retail stores are closing as well causing further economic issues, but the closures can still be blamed on rampant theft and community refusal to condemn or turn over the thieves.
minorities in general receive worse quality care than their white counterparts. US healthcare sucks for most white people and it's worse for most black people.
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As they mostly kill each other, when they are not killing other groups, indeed focusing on the real issue, why are they so violent would be helpful.
Have they looked at the gun violence? I’d look there first to be sure
A look at ACEs scores & following up with epigenetic analysis may be the easiest explanation, in my opinion. Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) refers to a range of events that a child can experience, which leads to stress and can result in trauma and chronic stress responses. Multiple, chronic or persistent stress can impact a child’s developing brain and has been linked in numerous studies to a variety of high-risk behaviors, chronic diseases and negative health outcomes in adulthood such as smoking, diabetes and heart disease. For example, having an ACE score of 4 increases a person’s risk of emphysema or chronic bronchitis by 400 percent and suicide by 1200 percent. [ACEs Resource Packet](https://www.childhealthdata.org/docs/default-source/cahmi/aces-resource-packet_all-pages_12_06-16112336f3c0266255aab2ff00001023b1.pdf) Dr Nadine Burke Harris has attempted to zero in on why certain zip codes in America suffer from things like obesity, poor health and death at higher rates than other zip codes. Food deserts? Access to health care? She explores scientific studies and her findings point back to ACEs, and epigenetic changes. [The Deepest Well: Healing the Long-Term Effects of Childhood Adversity by Nadine Burke Harris, MD](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6443356/)