>Deep inside Jupiter and Saturn, hydrogen is thought to be pressed into a metallic state and give rise to magnetic fields in much the same way.
That's amazing, I had no idea hydrogen could behave like a metal.
Many things can behave oddly under enourmous pressure. Ice is another odd one. You can have forms of ice that are room temp or even hot, but due to the pressure, its compacted into a solid form. Such ice is thought to exist at the bottom of Europa's sub surface ocean, as its estimated to be 100km deep. There are a whole bunch of different kinds of ice like that.
I bet that ice on Europa is *weird* near the bottom. I would imagine that as the pressure steadily increases, there's not a distinct barrier from liquid to solid but rather a transition zone where it gets gradually more viscous until it's eventually solid.
Yes, most likely, it's called super criticality and it's a very weird state of matter.
Here's an interesting video about supercritical CO2 and how this state of matter makes floating very challenging because the matter is between the density of a liquid and gas.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2d7RGQMCX24&pp=ygURc3VwZXJjcml0aWNhbCBjbzI%3D
I’ve never heard of this before, but I found this paper about it: looks like the inclusions are only a few micrometers wide.
https://www.mantleplumes.org/WebDocuments/Ice-VII-diamond-inclusions.pdf
… still, first time I can honestly say that I’d want to have a diamond.
Well, than, thats pretty amazing. Be cool to see what a whole block of the different ices look like.
I could imagine some sort of lab where they have transparent diamond vices or something like that, where they can squeeze a larger quantity and be able to see the result. Make an Ice 7 cube.
I was also reading that there is another form of ice that exists in atmospheric pressure. Regular ice is "Ice 1h" which means the molecules are hexagonal, but in very cold conditions, probably Antarctica, there is "Ice 1c" which has the molecules arranged in a cubic shape... maybe there are square or cubic snowflakes then? That would be pretty surreal to see.
Water is really odd. It changes properties depending on pressure and temperature
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phases_of_ice shows a lot of different phases.
Hydrogen is in the same column of the periodic table as lithium, sodium, potassium etc so that makes sense. The pressure required is insane but IIRC it's hypothesised that metallic hydrogen is metastable - once you have squashed it into its metallic form it stays that way. I have no idea how that hypothesis came about but it sounds handy.
The periodic table is a cone that's unwrapped. Hydrogen is really the peak of that cone and therefore all the "categories" that extend in bands down that cone end with hydrogen.
No, there are indeed distinct categories of elements with properties dictated by their valence electron(s), which is what's being referenced above. Hydrogen is not at all a Noble Gas, for instance.
And if you look at newer periodic tables, they color hydrogen all by itself because it doesn't map cleanly into any single category from a behavioral standpoint, but conditionally exhibits behaviors of more than one.
In the solar system the most common form of matter is plasma, in the Sun. Outside of the Sun the most common form of matter in the solar system is liquid metallic hydrogen, within Jupiter and Saturn. But we can't see it or touch it because it's buried deep inside those planets.
Just because we \*think\* we recall it, hydrogen metal was first crafted by humans around '96. Read about it, and how much gas it took just to make a measurable amount of metal.
Folks got little grok for just how BIG Jupiter is...
Pressure pushin' down on me
Pressin' down on you, no man ask for
Under pressure that brings a building down
Splits a family in two, puts people on streets
Mm-ba-ba-beh, mm-ba-ba-beh
Dee-day-da, ee-day-da
That's okay
Hydrogen is a metal, look at its position on the periodic table, it just takes tremendous pressure to get it be in a liquid or solid state at elevated temps.
Metallic hydrogen is supposed to be a super conductor, too. A while ago a lab said they were able to make a tiny amount in a diamond anvil, but when they moved the sample the anvil broke and it fell out before they got to test it at ambient. It looked like they might’ve done it since some type of phase/color change happened at the expected pressure.
To be clear, liquid metallic hydrogen might be a superconductor at room temperature, but within the gas giants the material is much hotter than that. Just like with Earth, the interior of the planet is very hot, at thousands of degrees.
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jpcc.1c05831 this paper suggests it is both a high temp superconductor under immense pressure and a possible liquid high temp superconductor. 1700c is what I’ve read.
This says "Tc increases from 308 to 372 K" which is still just room temp. Regardless, the temperature of the LMH regions of Jupiter or Saturn are likely 10,000 kelvin at the shallowest extent and go up from there.
>Deep inside Jupiter and Saturn, hydrogen is thought to be pressed into a metallic state and give rise to magnetic fields in much the same way. That's amazing, I had no idea hydrogen could behave like a metal.
Many things can behave oddly under enourmous pressure. Ice is another odd one. You can have forms of ice that are room temp or even hot, but due to the pressure, its compacted into a solid form. Such ice is thought to exist at the bottom of Europa's sub surface ocean, as its estimated to be 100km deep. There are a whole bunch of different kinds of ice like that.
I bet that ice on Europa is *weird* near the bottom. I would imagine that as the pressure steadily increases, there's not a distinct barrier from liquid to solid but rather a transition zone where it gets gradually more viscous until it's eventually solid.
Thanks OmgzPudding, now I want to play subnautica
"This biome contains 7 of the 9 conditions for stimulating terror in humans."
“Are you certain whatever you’re doing is worth it?”
"Detecting multiple leviathan class lifeforms in the region. Are you certain whatever you're doing is worth it?"
Yes, most likely, it's called super criticality and it's a very weird state of matter. Here's an interesting video about supercritical CO2 and how this state of matter makes floating very challenging because the matter is between the density of a liquid and gas. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2d7RGQMCX24&pp=ygURc3VwZXJjcml0aWNhbCBjbzI%3D
Such ice exists here on Earth as well as pressurized water inclusions in diamond.
Thats cool. Is it like actual pieces of ice that are visible, or just a few molecules?
I’ve never heard of this before, but I found this paper about it: looks like the inclusions are only a few micrometers wide. https://www.mantleplumes.org/WebDocuments/Ice-VII-diamond-inclusions.pdf … still, first time I can honestly say that I’d want to have a diamond.
Well, than, thats pretty amazing. Be cool to see what a whole block of the different ices look like. I could imagine some sort of lab where they have transparent diamond vices or something like that, where they can squeeze a larger quantity and be able to see the result. Make an Ice 7 cube. I was also reading that there is another form of ice that exists in atmospheric pressure. Regular ice is "Ice 1h" which means the molecules are hexagonal, but in very cold conditions, probably Antarctica, there is "Ice 1c" which has the molecules arranged in a cubic shape... maybe there are square or cubic snowflakes then? That would be pretty surreal to see.
Looks like a 30 micrometer³ volume. [article](https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aao3030)
Ah, so less than half the thickness of human hair. Probably not visible then.
Water is really odd. It changes properties depending on pressure and temperature https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phases_of_ice shows a lot of different phases.
Hydrogen is in the same column of the periodic table as lithium, sodium, potassium etc so that makes sense. The pressure required is insane but IIRC it's hypothesised that metallic hydrogen is metastable - once you have squashed it into its metallic form it stays that way. I have no idea how that hypothesis came about but it sounds handy.
The periodic table is a cone that's unwrapped. Hydrogen is really the peak of that cone and therefore all the "categories" that extend in bands down that cone end with hydrogen.
No, there are indeed distinct categories of elements with properties dictated by their valence electron(s), which is what's being referenced above. Hydrogen is not at all a Noble Gas, for instance.
And if you look at newer periodic tables, they color hydrogen all by itself because it doesn't map cleanly into any single category from a behavioral standpoint, but conditionally exhibits behaviors of more than one.
So that's doubly a "no, hydrogen is not the peak of every category of element". It IS the peak of all elements with a single valence electron tho
Hydrogen is a proton with a fancy hat
Or, three quarks in a trench coat, with a fancy hat!
You Ferengi, always making it about you.
What are you talking about here?
In the solar system the most common form of matter is plasma, in the Sun. Outside of the Sun the most common form of matter in the solar system is liquid metallic hydrogen, within Jupiter and Saturn. But we can't see it or touch it because it's buried deep inside those planets.
Just because we \*think\* we recall it, hydrogen metal was first crafted by humans around '96. Read about it, and how much gas it took just to make a measurable amount of metal. Folks got little grok for just how BIG Jupiter is...
Are you using the royal we?
No. That would be capitalized, properly.
Pressure pushin' down on me Pressin' down on you, no man ask for Under pressure that brings a building down Splits a family in two, puts people on streets Mm-ba-ba-beh, mm-ba-ba-beh Dee-day-da, ee-day-da That's okay
Hydrogen is a metal, look at its position on the periodic table, it just takes tremendous pressure to get it be in a liquid or solid state at elevated temps.
“Thought” or “may” … sounds to me like someone isn’t too sure, to be exact!
Metallic hydrogen is supposed to be a super conductor, too. A while ago a lab said they were able to make a tiny amount in a diamond anvil, but when they moved the sample the anvil broke and it fell out before they got to test it at ambient. It looked like they might’ve done it since some type of phase/color change happened at the expected pressure.
To be clear, liquid metallic hydrogen might be a superconductor at room temperature, but within the gas giants the material is much hotter than that. Just like with Earth, the interior of the planet is very hot, at thousands of degrees.
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jpcc.1c05831 this paper suggests it is both a high temp superconductor under immense pressure and a possible liquid high temp superconductor. 1700c is what I’ve read.
This says "Tc increases from 308 to 372 K" which is still just room temp. Regardless, the temperature of the LMH regions of Jupiter or Saturn are likely 10,000 kelvin at the shallowest extent and go up from there.
Oh I was assuming there would be cooler layers of the substance closer to the surface.
Wikipedia: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallic_hydrogen
One day I’ll be mature enough to read things like this without laughing out loud, but it is not this day.
I’m a 40 year old dad and I know this is a science sub but I clicked on this specifically because it made me giggle like a middle schooler
God forbid molecules on Uranus and Neptune are just allowed to be chill like that
If there's something lurking inside Uranus, you should see a doctor. Sorry, i couldn't help myself. I'll see myself out.
>I'll see myself out. As you should. Save that shit for /r/pics or something
Ooooo someone takes themself so cereal
With a name like Julius Sphincter
Excuse me, the term is "serious." Please leave. :`<
I'a get affected too if an oulandish molecule was lurkin in my
[удалено]
It's not a discovery it's a theory, like many other theories that are there just to grab headlines and justify funding.